Bogie exchange

Track gauges

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Broad   Breitspurbahn 3,000 mm (9 ft 10 1⁄8 in)   Brunel 2,140 mm (7 ft 1⁄4 in)   Indian 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in)   Iberian 1,668 mm (5 ft 5 21⁄32 in)   Irish 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in)   Pennsylvania 1,588 mm 1,581 mm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) (5 ft 2 1⁄4 in)   Russian 1,524 mm 1,520 mm (5 ft) (4 ft 11 27⁄32)   Standard 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) Narrow   Scotch 1,372 mm (4 ft 6 in)   Cape 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)   Metre 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in)   Three foot, 900mm and Swedish three foot 914 mm 900 mm 891 mm (3 ft) (2 ft 11 7⁄16) (2 ft11 3⁄32) in   2 ft 6 in, Bosnian and 750 mm 762 mm 760 mm 750 mm (2 ft 6 in) (2 ft 5 15⁄16 in) (2 ft 5 1⁄2 in)   2 ft and 600mm 610 mm 600 mm 597 mm (2 ft) (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in) (1 ft 11 1⁄2 in) Minimum   Fifteen-inch 381 mm (15 in)
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Bogie exchange is a system for operating railway wagons on two or more gauges to overcome difference in the track gauge. To perform a bogie exchange, a car is converted from one gauge to another by removing the chassis containing the wheels and axles of the car, and installing a new chassis with differently spaced wheels. It is generally limited to wagons and carriages, though diesel engines can be exchanged if more time is available.

Wagons and carriages

Bogie wagons can have their gauge changed by lifting them off one set of bogies and putting them back down again on another set of bogies. The pin that centres the bogies and the hoses and fittings for the brakes must be compatible. There needs to be a generous supply of bogies of each gauge to accommodate the ebb and flow of traffic.

The bogies and wagons also need to have standardized hooks, etc., where they may be efficiently lifted.

Four-wheel wagons are not suitable for gauge change.

Engines

Steam

Steam engines can be designed for more than one gauge, by having, for example, reversible wheel hubs that suit two alternative gauges. This was done in the 1930s and beyond in Victoria for possible gauge conversion, though no engines were ever converted in this manner other than one heritage engine (R766). Some 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 ³⁄₈ in) Garratt locomotives of East Africa were designed for easy conversion to 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge, though again none ever were.

In the southern United States, some steam locomotives built by Baldwin were designed for easy conversion from 1,524 mm (5 ft) to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in).

Diesel

Diesel locomotives have bogies like wagons and carriages, only with more cables for the traction motors and take a little longer to convert. In Australia, some classes of diesel locomotives are regularly gauge-converted to suit traffic requirements on the 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in), 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) and 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) networks.

Since the 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) networks are not all connected to each other, being separated by deserts or lines of other gauges, they are bogie-exchanged or piggybacked on road or rail vehicles when transferred between these networks.

Raising or lowering

Raise

The simplest way to carry out bogie exchange is to lift the wagons off the bogies and replace them back on new bogies. This may require the wagons in a train to be uncoupled, and continuous brakes disconnected. As the bogies are swung out of the way, they sway, which wastes time settling them down.

Lower

Another way of carrying out bogie exchange is to lower the bogies onto a trolley in a pit, after which the trolleys are rolled out of the way and others return. This keeps the train couplings and continuous brakes connected. In addition, the bogies never need leave a solid surface, so that they can be wheeled in and out more quickly. This method was used at Dry Creek railway station, Adelaide.^[1]

International

Australia

Between 1961 and 1995, Australia had five bogie exchange centres, which opened and closed as gauge conversion work proceeded. The gauges served were 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) and 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in), though the 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) Queensland did acquire 100 bogie-exchange compatible QLX wagons just in case. All the wagons involved had wagon codes ending in "X", such as VLX.

The centres were:

• Dynon, Melbourne, Victoria
• Wodonga near Albury on state border.
• Port Pirie, South Australia ^[2]
• Peterborough, South Australia
• Dry Creek, Adelaide, South Australia - the youngest and most modern.^[3][4][5]

The busiest facility was that at Dynon, in a typical year (1981–82) 24,110 wagons were bogie exchanged, an average of 66 per day. This was done by one shift of 18 men, compared with the 100 men required if the same amount of freight was transferred wagon to wagon.^[6]

Belarus

• Brest, Belarus – between 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 ²⁷⁄₃₂ in) and 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) at the border to Poland

Bolivia

Bogie exchange used between 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) and 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 ³⁄₈ in) gauge on the Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia Railway.

Canada

• Between 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) standard gauge and the 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge of the former Newfoundland Railway (Terra Transport) at Port aux Basques

China

A bogie exchange station exists at the Chinese border to Mongolia. Both the Moscow-Beijing passenger train (Trans-Siberian) and freight trains get their bogies exchanged. Mongolia has Russian gauge 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 ²⁷⁄₃₂ in), China has 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in). There is also a bogie exchange station farther east at the Russian/Chinese border crossing at Zabaykalsk/Manzhouli.

Finland

A bogie exchange station exists in the Port of Turku with a short stretch of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) gauge railway. Freight cars get their bogies exchanged. SeaRail train ferries go from Germany and Sweden. They carry no passenger trains, and passengers must walk by foot to Turku Harbour railway station opposite the ferry terminals. Finland has 1,524 mm (5 ft) broad gauge.

Germany

There is a bogie exchange station in the port of Mukran. It serves train ferries that go to and from Russia, Latvia and Lithuania, which have 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 ²⁷⁄₃₂ in) broad gauge.

Iran

• Jolfa - c1950, between 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) and 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 ²⁷⁄₃₂ in) (Russian gauge)
• Sarakhs - c1990, between 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) and 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 ²⁷⁄₃₂ in) (Russian gauge)
• Zahedan - 2009, between 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) and 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) (Indian gauge)
• Baku - 2012, To be developed in Amirabad port, Caspian Sea, between 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) and 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 ²⁷⁄₃₂ in) (Russian gauge)

Kazakhstan

• Druzhba, KZ - Alashankou, CN between 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 ²⁷⁄₃₂ in) and 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in).

Moldova

• Ungheni between 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 ²⁷⁄₃₂ in) and 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in).

North Korea

• Tumangan, North Korea – between 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) and 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 ²⁷⁄₃₂ in) (Russian gauge) at the border to Russia.

The bogies of the direct sleeping car Moscow - Pyongyang, which runs twice monthly, are exchanged here. ^[7]

Peru

• Between 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) standard gauge and 3 ft (914 mm) on the Ferrocarril Central Andino, including locomotives

Romania

• Vadul Siret between 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) and 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 ²⁷⁄₃₂ in) at the border with Ukraine.
• Halmeu between 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) and 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 ²⁷⁄₃₂ in) at the border with Ukraine.
• Ungheni between 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) and 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 ²⁷⁄₃₂ in) at the border with Moldova.

Russia

• Zabaikalsk (450 km from Chita) with China
• Grodekovo (116 km from Ussuriisk and 224 km from Vladivostok) with China
• Khasan - North Korea (315 km from Vladivostok).^{[citation needed]}
• Kholmsk, Sakhalin Island. The bogie exchange is necessary to enable Russian mainland cars to run on the Sakhalin railways, which use the Japanese gauge of 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in).^[8]

Spain

• At Irun, between 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) and 1,668 mm (5 ft 5 ²¹⁄₃₂ in) (Iberian gauge)
• At Portbou, between 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) and 1,668 mm (5 ft 5 ²¹⁄₃₂ in)

Tunisia

• Between 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) standard gauge and 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 ³⁄₈ in) (meter gauge), including locomotives

Ukraine

• Chop between 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 ²⁷⁄₃₂ in) (Russian gauge) and 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) at the border to Hungary and Slovakia.
• Jagodin between 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 ²⁷⁄₃₂ in) (Russian gauge) and 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) at the border to Poland.

Transfer time

Bogie exchange conversion times were:

• Dynon, Australia - one wagon every 7.3 minutes.
• Zabaykalsk - one a rail car takes 5–6 hours.^{[citation needed]}
• Erenhot - one a rail car takes 5–6 hours.^{[citation needed]}

Variable Gauge Axles

Variable Gauge Axles also called Automatic Track Gauge Changeover System is a newer and faster development than bogie exchange. While Bogie Exchange is "obvious" and brute force, VGA / ATGCS is "subtle, hidden" and elegant. The SUW 2000 ATGCS requires a change over track about 20 m long, with a shed if there is snow compared to a small marshalling yard required by bogie exchange.

Axle exchange

An alternative to variable gauge axles and bogie exchange is axle exchange.

See also

Gallery

External links

References

v t e Track gauge General Bogie exchange Break-of-gauge Dual gauge Gauge conversion Variable gauge Broad gauge Breitspurbahn 3 m (9 ft 10 1⁄8 in) Brunel 7 ft 1⁄4 in (2,140 mm) Indian 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) Iberian 1,668 mm (5 ft 5 21⁄32 in) Irish 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm) Pennsylvanian 5 ft 2 1⁄2 in (1,588 mm) 5 ft 2 in (1,575 mm), see track gauge in Ireland Five-foot 5 ft (1,524 mm) Russian 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 27⁄32 in) Toronto subway and Toronto streetcar 1,495 mm (4 ft 10 7⁄8 in) Italian broad gauge 1,445 mm (4 ft 8 7⁄8 in) Standard gauge 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) (Stephenson gauge) Narrow gauge Scotch 4 ft 6 in (1,372 mm) Cape 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Metre 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) Italian meter gauge 950 mm (3 ft 1 3⁄8 in) Three-foot 3 ft (914 mm) 900 mm gauge 900 mm (2 ft 11 7⁄16 in) Swedish three-foot 891 mm (2 ft 11 3⁄32 in) 2 ft 6 in 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) Bosnian 760 mm (2 ft 5 15⁄16 in) 750 mm gauge 750 mm (2 ft 5 1⁄2 in) Italian narrow gauge 700 mm (2 ft 3 9⁄16 in) 2 ft (610 mm) and 600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in) Minimum gauge 500 mm (19 3⁄4 in) 18 in (457 mm) 400 mm (15 3⁄4 in) 15 in (381 mm) Lists track gauges gauge conversions Categories by country by imperial units by metric units by name