Bodu Bala Sena

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Bodu Bala Sena

Emblem
Formation July 2012 (2012-07)
Type Politicized monastic organization
Purpose/focus Religious activism
Headquarters Sri Sambuddha Jayanthi Mandira, Sri Sambuddha Jayanthi Mawatha, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Coordinates 6°53′45.90″N 79°51′36.20″E / 6.8960833°N 79.8600556°E / 6.8960833; 79.8600556Coordinates: 6°53′45.90″N 79°51′36.20″E / 6.8960833°N 79.8600556°E / 6.8960833; 79.8600556
Region served Sri Lanka
Secretary General Galagoda Aththe Gnanasara
Leader Kirama Wimalajothi
Website bodubalasena.org

Bodu Bala Sena (Sinhala: බොදු බල සේනා; Buddhist Power Force; BBS) is a Sinhalese Buddhist nationalist organisation based in Colombo, Sri Lanka.[1] It has organised various campaigns against the country's minority Muslim and Christian communities which, according to the organisation, are needed to protect the country's Sinhalese-Buddhist character. The organisation's hard-line attitudes have drawn concern and criticism from inside and outside Sri Lanka.

Organization

Ven. Galagoda Aththe Gnanasara

The BBS was founded by monks Kirama Wimalajothi and Galagoda Aththe Gnanasara after they broke away from Jathika Hela Urumaya (JHU) claiming it was not militant enough in protecting Buddhism.[2] Gnanasara had been one of the JHU candidates in Colombo District at the 2004 parliamentary election.[3] Wimalajothi and Gnanasara are leader and general secretary of BBS respectively.[4] Its headquarters are located at Sri Sambuddha Jayanthi Mandira in Colombo.[5] Sri Sambuddha Jayanthi Mandira is owned by the Buddhist Cultural Centre, an organisation also founded by Kirama Wimalajothi.[6] The Buddhist Cultural Centre was opened by President Mahinda Rajapaksa on 15 May 2011.[7][8]

Time magazine called the BBS "Sri Lanka's most powerful Buddhist organisation".[9]

History

One of earliest campaigns by BBS was in respect of Buddhist Sri Lankans working in the Middle East who, according to BBS, were prevented from practising their religion and punished harshly if found to be doing so.[10]

The BBS held its first national convention at the Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall on 28 July 2012.[11] The convention passed five resolutions which, amongst other things, called for a ban on vasectomy/tubectomy in government health facilities; replacement of the various legal systems used in the country with a single legal system; preferential treatment in university admission for students who attended Buddhism classes; use of monks in government schools to teach history and other classes; and no solution for the country's ethnic problems which was based on race/religion.[12]

The BBS held a protest at the Bangladeshi High Commission in Colombo on 4 October 2012 against the anti-Buddhist riots in Bangladesh.[13][14] Some of the protesters threw stones and bottles at the High Commission.[15][16]

On 14 October 2012 BBS stormed a house in Batakettara, Homagama, Piliyandala where it alleges a Christian pastor called Dinesh and others from an evangelical group called The Name of Lord Jesus were trying to convert Sinhalese Buddhists.[17] The pastor was later released but following complaints from the pastor's family seven people were arrested on charges of abduction.[18] The following day BBS held a protest outside Piliyandala Police Station demanding that the seven arrested be released.[19][20]

The BBS held a protest rally in Badulla on 25 October 2012 against alleged conversion, vandalism of Buddhist sites and Islamic terrorism.[21] They held a protest at the Department of Archeology on 29 November 2012 urging the authorities to protect archaeological sites in the Eastern Province.[22]

The BBS stormed Sri Lanka Law College in Hultsdorf, Colombo on 7 January 2013, alleging that exam results were being distorted in favour of Muslim students.[23] The allegations were not true but the college was forced delay new student registration by one week in order to investigate the allegations.[24][25]

The BBS stormed the Cinnamon Bay Hotel in Moragalla, Beruwala on 21 January 2013, alleging that the premises contained a "Buddha bar".[26][27] Two hotel managers were arrested by the police for organising the "Buddha bar" event.[28][29]

President Mahinda Rajapaksa and government ministers met with the BBS on 27 January 2013 at Temple Trees, Colombo.[30][31] After the meeting the President issued a statement which urged the BBS and other monks to avoid conflicts with other religious communities but this statement was only issued in English, not Sinhala which is the language of most BBS supporters.[32]

The opposition United National Party met with the BBS on 12 February 2013.[33]

The BBS organised a meeting in Maharagama, Colombo on 17 February 2013 which was attended by around 16,000 people including 1,300 monks.[34] At the rally the BBS general secretary Galagoda Aththe Gnanasara stated "This is a government created by Sinhala Buddhists and it must remain Sinhala Buddhist. This is a Sinhala country, Sinhala government. Democratic and pluralistic values are killing the Sinhala race".[35] He also told the crowd at the rally that they "must become an unofficial civilian police force against Muslim extremism. These so-called democrats are destroying the Sinhala race".[36] At the rally the BBS unveiled the "Maharagama Declaration", a ten-point resolution which, other than an end to halal certification, called for a ban on Sri Lankan women going to work in the Middle East; end of mosque building financed by the Middle East; and ban some contraceptives.[37]

In February 2013 BBS leader Kirama Wimalajothi called for a ban burqas in the country.[38] The BBS has also campaigned against the abaya.[39][40]

The BBS met with the of the Lieutenant General Jagath Jayasuriya, Major General Shavendra Silva and others from the Sri Lanka Army in late February 2013 to discuss extremist Muslim groups that the BBS alleged were operating in the country.[41] BBS also met with IGP N. K. Illangakoon from the police on 1 March 2013 to discuss the same issues.[41]

Meth Sevana, the BBS' cultural and training centre in Pilana, Wanchawala, Galle District, was officially opened on 9 March 2013 by chief guest Defence Secretary Gotabhaya Rajapaksa, brother of President Mahinda Rajapaksa.[42][43]

The BBS held a rally in Kandy on 17 March 2013 at which it announced that it would work to remove a 10th-century mosque at the Kuragala Buddhist monastery complex in Ratnapura District.[44][45] At the rally BBS alleged that Muslim fundamentalists had taken over the site and destroyed Buddhist heritage.[46] BBS general secretary Galagoda Aththe Gnanasara accused the Muslim owned Fashion Bug and No Limit retail chains of converting its Buddhist Sinhalese employees to Islam.[47]

The BBS held a rally in Panadura on 24 March 2013 at which it called on the country to rally against Christian and Muslim extremists, insisting Sri Lanka was a Sinhala Buddhist country, not a multiracial or multi-religious country.[48] At the rally BBS called for High Commissioner Ferial Ashraff to be recalled from Singapore for allegedly carrying out anti-Sinhala activities.[49] At the rally BBS announced that a ringtone could be downloaded from Mobitel, the state-owned mobile phone operator, which would raise funds for BBS.[49] This caused protests from Mobitel customers and the company was forced to apologise for causing "emotional distress".[50]

A nationwide protest by Muslims against the anti-Muslim campaigns being carried out by the BBS and JHU was held on 25 March 2013.[51] The protests were organised by the Muslim Rights Organization (MRO).[52] A hartal was observed in the Eastern Province on the same day against the BBS' anti-Muslim stance.[53]

The Muslim owned Fashion Bug clothes shop in Pepiliyana, Colombo District was attacked on 28 March 2013 by a mob led by Buddhist monks.[54][55] Some reports suggested that BBS was behind the attack.[56] BBS denied any involvement and condemned the attack.[57][58]

On 31 March 2013 it was reported that the government was going to ban a number of extremist groups including the BBS.[59][60] Reacting to the reports, BBS general secretary Galagoda Aththe Gnanasara described Minister of National Languages and Social Integration Vasudeva Nanayakkara as a disgrace and a peacenik, saying "Such ministers should be sent to Angoda once in three months, to have their heads examined".[61] Nanayakkara denied the reports, saying that the government wasn't going to ban extremist groups like the BBS, it was only considering banning hate speech.[62]

In April 2013 a group of BBS members led by general secretary Galagoda Aththe Gnanasara visited the USA to raise awareness of the organisation and counter its negative image.[63][64]

Anti-halal campaign

ACJU halal logo

In February 2013 the BBS started a campaign against the halal certifying system in the country. In Sri Lanka halal certification is carried out by the All Ceylon Jamiyyathul Ulama (ACJU), the group of Islamic clerics, and contrary to allegations, is voluntary – certificates are only issued to businesses that request it.[65] The BBS initially threatened to take the ACJU to court.[66] Later they threatened to launch a campaign of agitation against halal certification, stating "they [the Muslims] are trying to impose their ritualistic food products upon this country. The next plan is to bring about Sharia law. Already there is Muslim banking system in the country."[67] At the rally in Maharagama on 17 February 2013 the BBS announced that it was calling for the abolition of the halal certifying system, demanding that shops be cleared of halal meat by April.[68][69]

In late February 2013 the ACJU offered to hand over responsibility for halal certifying to the government but this was rejected by the BBS who called for the complete eradication halal certification in the country.[70] The BBS slammed the ACJU as "arrogant, corrupt, thieving, underworld thugs".[71] The government also refused to take over halal certification due to the pressure exerted by the BBS.[72]

The BBS stormed a meat inspection facility in Dematagoda run by Colombo Municipal Council (CMC) on 1 March 2013, alleging that young calves, pregnant cows and water buffaloes were being slaughtered at the premises.[73][74][75] The slaughter of calves is illegal in Colombo. The BBS were incorrect – the premises were being used by CMC officials to inspect meat prior to being distributed around the city.[24][76]

Meetings were held between the ACJU, the Ceylon Chamber of Commerce (CCC) and Buddhist clergy and on 11 March 2013 a compromise was announced. The ACJU would stop adding the halal logo on products for local consumption but continue to use them for products being exported to Islamic countries where it is compulsory.[77][78] This offer was also rejected on 12 March 2013 by the BBS who continued to demand "the eradication of the entire Halal process".[79] The BBS went on to attack those responsible for the compromise. They accused Milinda Moragoda, a government minister, of "creating an unholy inter-religious alliance, and attempting to destroy our learned monks. These revered bhikkus are now in the grasp of infidels".[80] They branded the Buddhist clergy as "pseudo Buddhist leaders who never stood against Muslim extremism and Christian fundamentalism."[80] They accused the CCC chairman Susantha Ratnayake of having a "Buddha bar" at a hotel he runs.[80]

The government pronounced on 13 March 2013 that the ACJU had no power to issue halal certificates and that a new way to certify halal products would need to be formulated.[81] On 17 March 2013 the BBS declared victory in its battle against halal, saying it wouldn't talk about halal in the future.[82][83]

Attacks on media

The BBS general secretary Galagoda Aththe Gnanasara has accused the majority of the English language media in the country of "working on foreign agendas" and of being "kalu suddho" (traitors) to the Sinhala Buddhist cause.[82]

A BBC News crew filming the BBS rally at Maharagama on 17 February 2013 were surrounded by a mob of twenty young men who threatened them and verbally abused a Sri Lankan member of the crew, accusing him of being a "traitor", having "foreign parents" and working for a "foreign conspirator" who was "against Sri Lanka".[68][84] The police seemed to be helping the crew by barricading the crew and ordering them not to leave.[68] The mob threatened it would "be the end" of the crew if they returned to Maharagama.[68] A reporter from the Muslim newspaper Navamini was also harassed at the rally by a mob who handed him over to the police who in turn detained the reporter for 4½ hours.[85]

Criticism

The BBS has received criticism from politicians, human rights groups, other Buddhist clergy and Muslims from Sri Lanka and abroad.

Some believe BBS is a front group for Western countries who wish to divide the Sri Lankan population in order to serve western interests.[86][87] For example, Wimal Weerawansa, a Sri Lankan government minister, has asked that BBS challenge "the Norway agent in its organization" in response to BBS's challenge to him to prove BBS has received funds from a Norwegian NGO.[88]

Minister of National Languages and Social Integration Vasudeva Nanayakkara has described BBS as an "an extremist group that comes up with provoking statements".[89] Opposition MP and former Foreign Minister Mangala Samaraweera has accused the BBS of being "a representation of ‘Taliban’ terrorism’" and of spreading extremism and communal hatred against Muslims.[90][91] Samaraweera has also alleged that the BBS is secretly funded by the Ministry of Defence.[90][91] The BBS demanded a public apology for Samaraweera's comments, calling him bankrupt and accusing him of supporting separatists.[92] Former ambassador Dayan Jayatilleka has described the BBS as an "ethno-religious fascist movement from the dark underside of Sinhala society".[24][93] Vikramabahu Karunaratne, leader of the Nava Sama Samaja Party, has labelled the BBS as an extremist religious group.[94]

The International Crisis Group has stated that the BBS' attacks on the Muslim community will lead to an increase in Islamic fundamentalism in the country.[95] The Islamic Human Rights Commission has accused the BBS of "spreading religious hatred" and urged the Sri Lankan government to take legal action against organisations which attack minority groups.[96] The Asian Human Rights Commission has described the BBS as an "expression of the widespread lawlessness in the country", claiming that the government's failure to take action against groups such as the BBS demonstrated the government's connivance.[97] Minority Rights Group International has accused BBS of being the main group behind the recent spate of attacks against Muslims in the country.[32] In its 2012 human rights report, the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office accused BBS of increasing "campaigns against religious minorities".[98][99]

The views of the BBS have been disowned by some of the mainstream Buddhist clergy. Anunayake Bellanwila Wimalaratana has stated that "The views of the Bodu Bala Sena are not the views of the entire Sangha community".[100]

Opposition provincial councillor and MRO president Mujeebur Rahuman has stated that the unfettered activities of the BBS will mean an "ethnic riot will start between Sinhalese and Muslims".[68] The Eastern Provincial Council passed a motion unanimously on 20 February 2013 censuring the BBS for its anti-Muslim stance.[101] Kalmunai Municipal Council passed a motion on 4 April 2013 against extremist groups including the BBS, urging crackdown on these groups.[102][103][104]

A group calling itself "Buddhists Questioning Bodu Bala Sena" staged a peaceful candle-lit vigil on 12 April 2013 outside the BBS' headquarters at Sri Sambuddha Jayanthi Mandira.[105][106] The vigil was broken up by the police.[107]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Rasooldeen, M. D. (8 July 2012). "Lankan mission slams false report on jailed maid". Arab News. 
  2. ↑ Gamini Karunasena; Wasantha Rupasinghe (9 January 2013). "Sri Lankan Buddhist chauvinists provoke violence against Muslims". World Socialist Web Site. 
  3. ↑ "General Election 2004 Preferences". Department of Elections, Sri Lanka. 
  4. ↑ Edirisinghe, Dasun (28 January 2013). "Bodu Bala Sena regrets acts committed by others in its name". The Island (Sri Lanka). 
  5. ↑ "Bodu Bala Sena to accept guardianship of orphans". mirror.lk. 27 March 2013. 
  6. ↑ Rajasingham, K. T. (18 March 2013). "Bodu Bala Sena to tone down its stance on Muslims". Asian Tribune. 
  7. ↑ "Buddhist Cultural Centre opened; Havelock Rd. renamed ‘Sambuddha Jayanthi Mawatha’". The Island (Sri Lanka). 15 May 2011. 
  8. ↑ Kumarasinghe, Uditha (15 May 2011). "Buddhist Cultural Centre: Grand opening today". Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka). 
  9. ↑ Beech, Hannah (July 1, 2013). "When Buddhists go Bad". Time (New Zealand edition) 182 (1): 19. 
  10. ↑ "Arrested for idol worship". Ceylon Today. 6 July 2012. 
  11. ↑ Wimalasurendre, Cyril (9 August 2012). "Asgiriya Nayake Thera welcomes Bodu Bala Sena". The Island (Sri Lanka). 
  12. ↑ Edirisinghe, Dasun (29 July 2012). "Buddhist clergy wants birth control operations banned". The Island (Sri Lanka). 
  13. ↑ "Protest today against attacks in B’desh on Buddhist shrines". The Island (Sri Lanka). 4 October 2012. 
  14. ↑ "Monks protest over Bangladeshi incidents". The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). 4 October 2012. 
  15. ↑ Suriyaarachchi, Binoy (5 October 2012). "Protest pandemonium". Ceylon Today. 
  16. ↑ "Tense situation outside Bangladesh High Commission". adaderana.lk. 4 October 2012. 
  17. ↑ Fernando, J. A. (14 October 2012). "Police arrests fundamental conversion group attempted to convert Buddhists". Asian Tribune. 
  18. ↑ Fernando, J. A. (18 October 2012). "Sri Lanka Buddhists Bodu Bala Sena says will continue to act against fundamental conversion groups – International Church of the Foursquare Gospel". Asian Tribune. 
  19. ↑ Wijeratne, Premalal (16 October 2012). "Bodubala Sena protest in Piliyandala". Ceylon Today. 
  20. ↑ "Bodu Bala Sena in sit down protest". mirror.lk. 15 October 2011. 
  21. ↑ "Bodu Bala Sena protest". The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka). 25 October 2012. 
  22. ↑ "Protest in front of Archeological Dept". The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka). 29 November 2012. 
  23. ↑ Edirisinghe, Dasun (8 January 2013). "Law College registrations put off by one week". The Island (Sri Lanka). 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 "The hardline Buddhists targeting Sri Lanka's Muslims". BBC News. 25 March 2013. 
  25. ↑ de Mel, Kithsiri (8 January 2013). "Law College registration postponed". The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka). 
  26. ↑ "Hotel managers arrested over 'Nirvana style' dinner event". The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). 27 January 2013. 
  27. ↑ "Monks storm Buddha bar lounge in Beruwala". Colombo Gazette. 22 January 2013. 
  28. ↑ "The Slow Spread of Discord". The Sunday Leader. 3 February 2013. 
  29. ↑ "Tourism industry of Sri Lanka concerned over rising Buddhist extremism". Colombo Page. 25 January 2013. 
  30. ↑ Edirisinghe, Dasun (28 January 2013). "President Rajapaksa stresses need for respecting rights of all communities". The Island (Sri Lanka). 
  31. ↑ "MR meets Bodu Bala Sena". The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka). 27 January 2013. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Islamophobia and attacks on Muslims in Sri Lanka". Minority Rights Group International. 18 March 2013. 
  33. ↑ Bastians, Dharisha (13 February 2013). "UNP, Bodu Bala Sena in pow-wow". Daily FT. 
  34. ↑ "Ban Halal certification". The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka). 17 February 2013. 
  35. ↑ Al Maeena, Tariq A. (23 February 2013). "Neo-fascism on the rise in Sri Lanka". Gulf News. 
  36. ↑ "Bodu Bala Sena gives ultimatum to Ban Halal certification". mirror.lk. 18 February 2013. 
  37. ↑ Bastians, Dharisha (18 February 2013). ""This is a Sinhala country, Sinhala Government": Bodu Bala Sena". Daily FT. 
  38. ↑ "Ban the burqa". Ceylon Today. 17 February 2013. 
  39. ↑ Bastians, Dharisha (14 March 2013). "Losing the ideas battle". Daily FT. 
  40. ↑ Serasinghe, Sharmini (24 March 2013). "BBS's Latest Target- Muslim Dress Code". Colombo Telegraph. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Sri Aravinda, Indika (3 March 2013). "Army Asks For Evidence". The Sunday Leader. 
  42. ↑ Siri Ananda, W. (10 March 2013). "Gota inaugurates BBS Meth Sevana". Ceylon Today. 
  43. ↑ Gunasekara, Tisaranee (14 March 2013). "Gotabhaya Rajapaksa And His Bala Sena". Colombo Telegraph. 
  44. ↑ "BBS vows to remove Muslim mosque from Kuragala". Lakbima News. 
  45. ↑ "Eviction notice for Muslims in Kuragala". mirror.lk. 27 March 2013. 
  46. ↑ "Sri Lanka's Buddhist extremists vow to remove Muslim mosque in Kuragala". Colombo Page. 18 March 2013. 
  47. ↑ "Video Evidence BBS Encourages Violence Against Muslim Owned Fashion Bug". Colombo Telegraph. 29 March 2013. 
  48. ↑ Rutnam, Easwaran (24 March 2013). "BBS insists Lanka not multiracial". Colombo Gazette. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Bastians, Dharisha (28 March 2013). "The reconciliation gap". Daily FT. 
  50. ↑ "Mobitel apologises for causing 'emotional distress'". The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). 28 March 2013. 
  51. ↑ "Rally to mobilize public support against anti-Muslim campaigns in Sri Lanka". Arab News. 25 March 2013. 
  52. ↑ "Sri Lanka Muslims to protest anti-Muslim campaigns". Colombo Page. 25 March 2013. 
  53. ↑ M. A. Kaleel; A. M. Jazeel (25 March 2013). "Hartal in East". The Island (Sri Lanka). 
  54. ↑ "Sri Lanka crowd attacks Muslim warehouse in Colombo". BBC News. 29 March 2013. 
  55. ↑ "Sri Lanka violence prompts security measures". Al Jazeera. 29 March 2013. 
  56. ↑ Wickrematunge, Raisa (31 March 2013). "Hate Rages On". The Sunday Leader. 
  57. ↑ "Sri Lanka deploys forces after Muslim store torched in Colombo". The Indian Express/Press Trust of India. 29 March 2013. 
  58. ↑ "BBS condemns the attack". The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka). 29 March 2013. 
  59. ↑ Sri Aravinda, Indika (31 March 2013). "Ban BBS". The Sunday Leader. 
  60. ↑ "Sri Lanka government to crack down on extremist groups". Colombo Page. 31 March 2013. 
  61. ↑ Bastians, Dharisha (5 April 2013). "BBS backtracks!". Daily FT. 
  62. ↑ "Sri Lankan minister denies cabinet paper aimed at banning extremist organizations". Colombo Page. 7 April 2013. 
  63. ↑ "Bodu Bala Sena goes International". The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka). 9 April 2013. 
  64. ↑ Wickrematunge, Raisa (14 April 2013). "BBS To Launch 'Counterattack' Programme in the US". The Sunday Leader. 
  65. ↑ Panagoda, Charundi (24 February 2013). "Halal: Food for thought". The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). 
  66. ↑ Sri Aravinda, Indika (10 February 2013). "Bodu Bala Sena To Take ACJU to court". The Sunday Leader. 
  67. ↑ Bastians, Dharisha (16 February 2013). "Bodu Bala Sena anti-Halal agitation to begin in Maharagama tomorrow". Daily FT. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 "Sri Lanka hardline group calls for halal boycott". BBC News. 17 February 2013. 
  69. ↑ "Calling for the abolition of Halal certification". The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). 18 February 2013. 
  70. ↑ Olindhi Jayasundere; Lahiru Pothmulla (27 February 2013). "Bodu Bala Sena rejects ACJU proposal". The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka). 
  71. ↑ Panagoda, Charundi (3 March 2013). "Halal: The ball is in Cabinet Sub-Com court". The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). 
  72. ↑ Jabbar, Zacki (28 February 2013). "Govt. rejects ACJU call for taking over issuance of Halal certificates". The Island (Sri Lanka). 
  73. ↑ "Bodu Bala Sena storms abattoir". Ceylon Today. 2 March 2013. 
  74. ↑ "Slaughter house raided". The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka). 1 March 2013. 
  75. ↑ Jayamanne, Dilanthi (1 March 2013). "Bodu Bala Sena surrounds Dematagoda abattoir". The Island (Sri Lanka). 
  76. ↑ Bastians, Dharisha (2 March 2013). "Bodu Bala Sena storms Dematagoda ‘slaughterhouse’". Daily FT. 
  77. ↑ "Biz chambers on Halaal certification". The Island (Sri Lanka). 11 March 2013. 
  78. ↑ "Halal logo to be withdrawn from all Sri Lankan products". The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). 11 March 2013. 
  79. ↑ Jayashika Padmasiri; Olindhi Jayasundara; Lahiru Pothmulla (12 March 2013). "JHU and BBS say it is eyewash". The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka). 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 Bastians, Dharisha (13 March 2013). "BBS fires all cylinders". Daily FT. 
  81. ↑ Bandara, Kelum (14 March 2013). "Govt. to formulate new Halal mechanism". The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka). 
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 Bastians, Dharisha (18 March 2013). "BBS slams Daily FT at key rally in Kandy". Daily FT. 
  83. ↑ "Bodu bala sena gives up Halal". Hiru News. 17 March 2013. 
  84. ↑ "BBC journalist threatened at Bodu Bala Sena rally". The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). 19 February 2013. 
  85. ↑ "Mob turns on BBC crew, Muslim newspaper journalist detained by police". Daily FT. 18 February 2013. 
  86. ↑ "'Western role in the Bodu Bala Sena (BBS) of Sri Lanka'". 18 May 2013. 
  87. ↑ "Genesis of Bodu Bala Sena". Asian Times. Retrieved 7 April 2013. 
  88. ↑ "Wimal Counter-challenges BBS on BBS-Norway Link". Ceylon today. 27 May 2013. 
  89. ↑ "'Bodu Bala Sena is an extremist group'". The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka) via HT Syndication. 15 March 2013. 
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 Bandara, Hansani (17 February 2013). "BBSO challenges Mangala equating it to a terrorist outfit". The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). 
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 Bastians, Dharisha (15 February 2013). "Mangala says anti-Muslim campaign is ‘playing with fire’". Daily FT. 
  92. ↑ "BBS wants public apology to all Buddhists from Mangala". Daily FT. 16 February 2013. 
  93. ↑ Jayatilleka, Dayan (19 February 2013). "Emergence of Ethno-Religious Fascist Movement from the Dark Underside of Sinhala Society". dbsjeyaraj.com. 
  94. ↑ Bastians, Dharisha (12 February 2013). "Joint Opposition becomes official". Daily FT. 
  95. ↑ Asia Report N°243 – Sri Lanka's Authoritarian Turn: The Need for International Action. International Crisis Group. 20 February 2013. p. 24. 
  96. ↑ "Action Alert: Sri Lanka – Demand an end to violence against the Muslim and Christian community in Sri Lanka". Islamic Human Rights Commission. 11 March 2013. 
  97. ↑ "Sri Lanka: A monk leads mob violence at Maligawatta with the connivance of the police". Asian Human Rights Commission. 4 March 2013. 
  98. ↑ "Human Rights and Democracy: The 2012 Foreign & Commonwealth Office Report". Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 
  99. ↑ "BBS condemns HR report by UK govt". Lakbima News. 
  100. ↑ "BBS does not represent entire Sangha". Daily FT. 12 March 2013. 
  101. ↑ "EPC censures Bodu Bala Sena". The Island (Sri Lanka). 20 February 2013. 
  102. ↑ "Kalmunai Resolution Names BBS As Extremists". The Sunday Leader. 7 April 2013. 
  103. ↑ "Kalmunai MC adopts resolution against hardline religious groups". Lakbima News. 
  104. ↑ "Resolution passed against BBS". Colombo Gazette. 4 April 2013. 
  105. ↑ "Police disperse anti-BBS protest". The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). 12 April 2013. 
  106. ↑ "On ‘Nightclub Buddhists’: The Disrupted Vigil". The Sunday Leader. 21 April 2013. 
  107. ↑ "Lanka blocks anti-hate rally in capital". The Gulf Today/Agence France-Presse. 13 April 2013. 
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