Bluestocking

Caricature of blue stockings by Rowlandson

A bluestocking is an educated, intellectual woman. The term most often refers to a specific group of 18th-century intellectual women led by the hostess and critic Elizabeth Montagu (1720–1800), the "Queen of the Blues", and including Elizabeth Vesey (1715–91), Hester Chapone (1727–1801), and the classicist Elizabeth Carter (1717–1806). In the following generation came Hester Lynch Piozzi (1741–1821), Hannah More (1745–1833), and Frances Burney (1752–1840).^[1]

Until the late 18th century, the term had referred to learned people of both sexes.^[2] However it subsequently was applied primarily to intellectual women, and the French equivalent bas bleu had a similar connotation.^[3] The term later developed negative implications, and in some instances such women were stereotyped as being "frumpy". The reference to blue stockings may arise from the time when woollen worsted stockings were informal dress, in contrast to formal, fashionable black silk stockings.^{[citation needed]} Curiously, the most frequent such reference is to a man, Benjamin Stillingfleet, who reportedly lacked the formal black stockings, yet still participated in the Blue Stockings Society.^[4][5]

History

John Amos Comenius referred to bluestockings in 1638, deploring how women had been excluded from higher education in ancient times.^[6] The name may also have been applied in the 15th century to the blue stockings worn by the members of the Compagnie della Calza in Venice, which then was adopted in Paris and London; and in the 17th century to the Covenanters in Scotland, who wore unbleached woollen stockings, in contrast to the bleached or dyed stockings of the more affluent.

The Blue Stockings Society was a literary society led by Elizabeth Montagu and others in the 1750s in England. This society was originally founded by women, and included many prominent members of English society, both male and female, including Harriet Bowdler, Edmund Burke, Sarah Fielding, Samuel Johnson, Elizabeth Montagu, and Frances Pulteney.^[7] M.P., an 1811 play by the Irish writer Thomas Moore, was also known as The Blue Stocking. It contained a character Lady Bab Blue who was a parody of bluestockings.

William Hazlitt said, "The bluestocking is the most odious character in society...she sinks wherever she is placed, like the yolk of an egg, to the bottom, and carries the filth with her."^[8]

Recent use

"The Bluestocking" is the name of the yearbook of Mary Baldwin College, a traditionally all-women's school in Staunton, Virginia.

In Japan, a literary magazine Seitō (Bluestocking) was launched in 1911 under the leadership of Raichō Hiratsuka. It ran until 1916, providing a creative outlet and political platform for Japanese feminists even while it faced public outcry and government censorship.^[9]

Brown University has a feminist magazine called Bluestockings.^[10]

"Blue Stocking" was an "unabashedly feminist" newspaper/zine published in Portland, Oregon from 1993-1996/97.

References

Further reading

• Burns, William E. "Bluestockings 18th and 19th centuries" in Reader's Guide to British History (2003). online
• Demers, Patricia. The World of Hannah More (University of Kentucky Press, 1996)
• Eger, Elizabeth (2010). Bluestockings: women of reason from Enlightenment to Romanticism. Palgrave Macmillan. 
• Myers, Sylvia Harcstark. The Bluestocking Circle: Women, Friendship and the Life of the Mind in Eighteenth-Century England (Oxford University Press, 1990)
• Tinker, Chauncey Brewster (1915). The salon and English letters: chapters on the interrelations of literature and society in the age of Johnson. Macmillan.  full text online

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bluestocking.