Black Swan (film)

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Not to be confused with the 1942 swashbuckler film The Black Swan.
Black Swan
The poster for the film shows Natalie Portman with white facial makeup, black-winged eye liner around bloodshot red eyes, and a jagged crystal tiara.
Theatrical release poster
Directed by Darren Aronofsky
Produced by
  • Ari Handel
  • Scott Franklin
  • Mike Medavoy
  • Arnold Messer
  • Brian Oliver
Screenplay by
  • Mark Heyman
  • Andres Heinz
  • John McLaughlin
Story by Andres Heinz
Starring
Music by Clint Mansell
Cinematography Matthew Libatique
Editing by Andrew Weisblum
Studio
Distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures
Release dates
  • September 1, 2010 (2010-09-01) (Venice)
  • December 3, 2010 (2010-12-03) (United States, limited)
Running time 108 minutes
Country United States
Language English
Budget $13 million[1]
Box office $329,398,046[2]

Black Swan is a 2010 American psychological thriller horror film[3][4] directed by Darren Aronofsky and starring Natalie Portman, Vincent Cassel, and Mila Kunis. The plot revolves around a production of Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake ballet by a prestigious New York City company. The production requires a ballerina to play the innocent and fragile White Swan, for which the committed dancer Nina (Portman) is a perfect fit, as well as the dark and sensual Black Swan, which are qualities embodied by the new arrival Lily (Kunis). Nina is overwhelmed by a feeling of immense pressure when she finds herself competing for the part, causing her to lose her tenuous grip on reality and descend into a living nightmare.

Aronofsky conceived the premise by connecting his viewings of a production of Swan Lake with an unrealized screenplay about understudies and the notion of being haunted by a double, similar to the folklore surrounding doppelgängers. Aronofsky cites Fyodor Dostoyevsky's "The Double" as another inspiration for the film. The director also considered Black Swan a companion piece to his 2008 film The Wrestler, with both films involving demanding performances for different kinds of art. He and Portman first discussed the project in 2000, and after a brief attachment to Universal Studios, Black Swan was produced in New York City in 2009 by Fox Searchlight Pictures. Portman and Kunis trained in ballet for several months prior to filming, and notable figures from the ballet world helped with film production to shape the ballet presentation.

The film premiered as the opening film for the 67th Venice International Film Festival on September 1, 2010. It had a limited release in the United States starting December 3, 2010 and opened nationwide on December 17. Black Swan received critical praise upon its release, particularly for Portman's performance and Aronofsky's direction, and was a significant box office success, grossing $329 million worldwide. The film received five Academy Award nominations and Portman won the Best Actress award for the film, as well as many other Best Actress awards in several guilds and festivals, while Aronofsky was nominated for Best Director. In addition, the film itself received a nomination for Best Picture.

Plot

Nina Sayers, a young dancer in a prestigious New York City ballet company, lives with her mother, Erica, a former dancer. The company is preparing to open the season with Swan Lake. The director, Thomas Leroy, has to cast a new principal dancer after forcing Beth Macintyre into retirement. Leroy wants the same ballerina to portray the innocent, fragile White Swan as well as her dark, sensual twin, the Black Swan. Nina auditions for the part, performing flawlessly as the White Swan, but not quite able to emulate the characteristics of the Black Swan. Although Nina does not do well during her audition, she approaches Thomas and asks him to reconsider her as the lead role. He tells her she is the ideal dancer to cast as the White Swan, but she lacks the passion needed to correctly portray the Black Swan.

When Thomas forcibly kisses Nina, she displays a change of character and bites him, convincing him to cast her as the Swan Queen. An intoxicated Beth angrily confronts Thomas and Nina. She is later hit by a car and seriously injured in what Thomas suspects was a suicide attempt. Nina begins to witness strange happenings. Thomas, meanwhile, becomes increasingly critical of her "frigid" dancing and advises her to stop being a perfectionist and to lose herself in the role. Thomas points to Lily, another dancer in the company, whom he describes as lacking Nina's flawless technique but possessing an uninhibited quality that Nina has not shown. The relationship between the two dancers is tense because of Lily's indiscretions, but Lily invites Nina to a night out. Nina is hesitant at first but decides to go against her mother's wishes.

At a restaurant that evening, Lily offers Nina a capsule of ecstasy to help her loosen up. Though reassured its effects will only last a few hours, Nina turns it down. Lily later slips it into her drink at a nightclub while she is absent. Nina returns home late, fights with her mother, barricades herself in her room, and has sex with Lily until the latter seemingly smothers her with a pillow. Next morning, Nina wakes up alone and late for rehearsal. When she arrives at the studio, she finds Lily dancing as the Swan Queen. Furious, she confronts Lily and asks her why she did not wake her up that morning. After Lily admits she spent the night with a man whom she met at the club, Nina realizes she dreamed the encounter. Nina's hallucinations become stronger as she sees Thomas and Lily have sex in a backstage area and Beth stabbing herself in the face at the hospital with a nail file which Nina drops bloodied in the elevator.

She has a violent argument with her mother, after which Nina passes out. Concerned about Nina's erratic behavior, her mother tries to prevent her from performing on opening night; enraged, Nina stands up to her mother and forces her way out of the apartment. Since her mother had called to say Nina was sick, Thomas assigned understudy Lily to take over, but reluctantly gives way when Nina insists on performing. The first act goes well, until Nina is distracted by a hallucination during a lift, causing her partner, playing the Prince, to drop her. Distraught, she returns to her dressing room and finds Lily there. Lily announces she is to play the Black Swan. Nina shoves her into a mirror, shattering it. Lily seems dead but then she wakes up and starts to strangle Nina who grabs a shard of glass and stabs her rival in the stomach, apparently killing her. Nina hides the body and returns to the stage to dance with passion and sensuality.

Sprouting feathers, her arms become black wings as she finally loses herself and is transformed into a black swan. At the end of the act, she receives a standing ovation. Offstage, Thomas and the rest of the cast congratulate her on her stunning performance. Nina takes Thomas by surprise and kisses him. Back in her dressing room before the final act, Nina is congratulated by Lily, revealing that their fight was, again, imaginary. The mirror, however, is still shattered. She removes a shard from her own body and realizes she had stabbed herself. Dancing the last scene, in which the White Swan throws herself off a cliff, Nina spots her mother weeping in the audience. As Nina falls backward onto a hidden mattress, the theater erupts in thunderous applause. Thomas and the cast gather to congratulate her—only to find that she is severely bleeding. As the white ceiling lights envelop her, she whispers, "I felt it. Perfect. It was perfect."

Cast

During the closing credits, the major cast members were credited both as their film characters as well as their corresponding characters from Swan Lake.

Production

Conception

A photograph of a performance of Swan Lake during the third act, with the protagonist transformed into the Black Swan
Scene from the ballet Swan Lake in which the Black Swan (Odile) tricks and seduces the Prince

Darren Aronofsky first became interested in ballet when his sister studied dance at the High School of Performing Arts in New York City. The basic idea for the film started when he hired screenwriters to rework a screenplay called The Understudy, which was about off-Broadway actors and explored the notion of being haunted by a double. Aronofsky said the screenplay had elements of All About Eve, Roman Polanski's The Tenant, and Fyodor Dostoyevsky's novella The Double. The director had also seen numerous productions of Swan Lake, and he connected the duality of the White Swan and the Black Swan to the script.[5] When researching for the production of Black Swan, Aronofsky found ballet to be "a very insular world" whose dancers were "not impressed by movies". Regardless, the director found active and inactive dancers to share their experiences with him. He also stood backstage to see the Bolshoi Ballet perform at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts.[6]

Aronofsky called Black Swan a companion piece to his previous film The Wrestler, recalling one of his early projects about a love affair between a wrestler and a ballerina. He eventually separated the wrestling and the ballet worlds as "too much for one movie". He compared the two films: "Wrestling some consider the lowest art—if they would even call it art—and ballet some people consider the highest art. But what was amazing to me was how similar the performers in both of these worlds are. They both make incredible use of their bodies to express themselves."[6] About the psychological thriller nature of Black Swan, actress Natalie Portman compared the film's tone to Polanski's 1968 film Rosemary's Baby,[7] while Aronofsky said Polanski's Repulsion (1965) and The Tenant (1976) were "big influences" on the final film.[6] Actor Vincent Cassel also compared Black Swan to Polanski's early works and additionally compared it to David Cronenberg's early works.[8]

Casting

Mila Kunis poses in a white dress
Mila Kunis was first approached to perform in Black Swan in 2008.

Aronofsky first discussed with Portman the possibility of a ballet film in 2000, and he found she was interested in playing a ballet dancer.[6] Portman explained being part of Black Swan, "I'm trying to find roles that demand more adulthood from me because you can get stuck in a very awful cute cycle as a woman in film, especially being such a small person."[9] Portman suggested to Aronofsky that her good friend Mila Kunis would be perfect for the role. Kunis contrasted Lily with Nina, "My character is very loose... She's not as technically good as Natalie's character, but she has more passion, naturally. That's what [Nina] lacks."[10] The female characters are directed in the Swan Lake production by Thomas Leroy, played by Cassel. He compared his character to George Balanchine, who co-founded New York City Ballet and was "a control freak, a true artist using sexuality to direct his dancers".[11]

Portman and Kunis started training six months before the start of filming in order to attain a body type and muscle tone more similar to those of professional dancers.[5] Portman worked out for five hours a day, doing ballet, cross-training, and swimming. A few months closer to filming, she began choreography training.[12] Kunis engaged in cardio and Pilates, "train[ing] seven days a week, five hours, for five, six months total, and ... was put on a very strict diet of 1,200 calories a day." She lost 20 pounds from her normal weight of about 117 pounds, and reported that Portman "became smaller than I did."[13] Kunis said, "I did ballet as a kid like every other kid does ballet. You wear a tutu and you stand on stage and you look cute and twirl. But this is very different because you can't fake it. You can't just stay in there and like pretend you know what you're doing. Your whole body has to be structured differently."[14] Georgina Parkinson, a ballet mistress from the American Ballet Theatre, coached the actors in ballet.[15] American Ballet Theatre soloists Sarah Lane and Maria Riccetto served as "dance doubles" for Portman and Kunis respectively.[16] Dancer Kimberly Prosa also served as a double for Portman. She stated: "Natalie took class, she studied for several months, from the waist up is her. Sarah Lane a soloist at ABT, did the heavy tricks, she did the fouettés, but they only had her for a limited time, a couple of weeks, so I did the rest of whatever dance shots they needed."[17]

In addition to the soloist performances, members of the Pennsylvania Ballet were cast as the corps de ballet, backdrop for the main actors' performances.[5] Also appearing in the film are Kristina Anapau,[18] Toby Hemingway,[19] Sebastian Stan,[20] and Janet Montgomery.[21]

Development and filming

A three-quarters view of a large grey building—the State University of New York at Purchase Performing Arts Center
Part of the filming took place at the State University of New York at Purchase Performing Arts Center

Aronofsky and Portman first discussed a ballet film in 2000, after the release of Requiem for a Dream, though the script had not yet been written.[6] He told her about a love scene between competing ballet dancers, and Portman recalled, "I thought that was very interesting because this movie is in so many ways an exploration of an artist's ego and that narcissistic sort of attraction to yourself and also repulsion with yourself."[22] On the decade's wait before production, she said, "The fact that I had spent so much time with the idea ... allowed it to marinate a little before we shot."[23]

The screenplay The Understudy was written by Andres Heinz; Aronofsky first heard about it while editing his second film Requiem for a Dream (2000) and described it as "All About Eve with a double, set in the off-Broadway world." After making The Fountain (2006), Aronofsky and producer Mike Medavoy had screenwriter John McLaughlin rewrite The Understudy; Aronofsky said McLaughlin "took my idea of Swan Lake and the ballet and put [the story] into the ballet world and changed the title to Black Swan."[24] When Aronofsky proposed a detailed outline of Black Swan to Universal Pictures, the studio decided to fast-track development of the project in January 2007.[25] The project "sort of died, again" according to Aronofsky, until after the making of The Wrestler (2008), when he had Mark Heyman, director of development of Aronofsky's production company Protozoa Pictures, write for Black Swan "and made it something that was workable."[24] By June 2009, Universal had placed the project in turnaround, generating attention from other studios and specialty divisions, particularly with actress Portman attached to star.[26] Black Swan began development under Protozoa Pictures and Overnight Productions, the latter financing the film. In July 2009, Kunis was cast.[27]

Fox Searchlight Pictures distributed Black Swan and gave the film a production budget of $10–12 million. Principal photography was achieved using Super 16 mm cameras and began in New York City toward the end of 2009.[28][29] Part of filming took place at the Performing Arts Center at State University of New York at Purchase.[5] Aronofsky filmed Black Swan with a muted palette and a grainy style, which he intended to be similar to The Wrestler.[30] Aronofsky said

I like Super 16 because the cameras are really light, really moveable. Also, for The Wrestler it was a money-saving thing. The film stocks on 35mm would become so glossy that they'd get close to what people are doing on video. I wanted to go back to the grainy, vérité feel of The Wrestler. [...] Like with wrestling, ballet is shot in wide shot with two shots on the side, and no one really brought the camera—well, wrestling—into the ring or for us, onto the stage and into the practice room. I really wanted the camera to dance, but I was nervous about shooting a psychological thriller/horror film with a hand-held camera. I couldn't think of another example where they did that. [...] steady-cams are very different than hand-helds, because hand-held gives you that verite feel. I was concerned if that would effect [sic] the suspense, but after a while I said, "screw it, let's go for it."[24]

Controversies

Costume design

Amy Westcott is credited as the costume designer and received several award nominations. A publicized controversy arose regarding the question of who had designed 40 ballet costumes for Portman and the dancers. An article in the British newspaper The Independent suggested those costumes had actually been created by Rodarte's Kate and Laura Mulleavy.[31] Westcott challenged that view and stated that in all only 7 costumes, among them the black and white swan, had been created in a collaboration between Rodarte, Westcott, and Aronofsky. Furthermore, the corps ballet's costumes were designed by Zack Brown (for the American Ballet Theatre), and slightly adapted by Westcott and her costume design department. Westcott said: "Controversy is too complimentary a word for two people using their considerable self-publicising resources to loudly complain about their credit once they realized how good the film is."[32]

Dance double

Main article: Black Swan dance double controversy

ABT dancer Sarah Lane served as a "dance double" for Portman in the film.[33] In a March 3 blog entry for Dance Magazine, editor-in-chief Wendy Perron asked: "Do people really believe that it takes only one year to make a ballerina? We know that Natalie Portman studied ballet as a kid and had a year of intensive training for the film, but that doesn't add up to being a ballerina. However, it seems that many people believe that Portman did her own dancing in Black Swan."[34][35] This led to responses from Benjamin Millepied and Aronofsky, who both defended Portman as well as a response from Lane on the subject.[36][37][38]

Soundtrack

Main article: Black Swan: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

The non-original music featured in Black Swan consists of music by Tchaikovsky and a track of electronica dance music by English production duo The Chemical Brothers. It marks the fifth consecutive collaboration between Aronofsky and English composer Clint Mansell, who composed the original score for the film. Mansell attempted to score the film based on Tchaikovsky's ballet[39] but with radical changes to the music.[40] Because of the use of Tchaikovsky's music, the score was deemed ineligible to be entered into the 2010 Academy Awards for Best Original Score.[41]

The Chemical Brothers' music, which is featured prominently during the club scene in Black Swan, is omitted from the soundtrack album.[42]

Release

Natalie Portman looks to the camera's left, smiling
Portman at a premiere for the film at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival

Black Swan had its world premiere as the opening film at the 67th Venice Film Festival on September 1, 2010. It received a standing ovation whose length Variety said made it "one of the strongest Venice openers in recent memory".[43] The festival's artistic director Marco Mueller had chosen Black Swan over The American (starring George Clooney) for opening film, saying, "[It] was just a better fit... Clooney is a wonderful actor, and he will always be welcome in Venice. But it was as simple as that."[44] Black Swan screened in competition and is the third consecutive film directed by Aronofsky to premiere at the festival, following The Fountain and The Wrestler.[45] Black Swan was presented in a sneak screening at the Telluride Film Festival on September 5, 2010.[46] It also had a Gala screening at the 35th Toronto International Film Festival later in the month.[47][48] In October 2010, Black Swan was screened at the New Orleans Film Festival,[49] the Austin Film Festival,[50] and the BFI London Film Festival.[51] In November 2010, the film was screened at American Film Institute's AFI Fest in Los Angeles, the Denver Film Festival and Camerimage Festival in Bydgoszcz, Poland.[52]

The release of Black Swan in the United Kingdom was brought forward from February 11 to January 21, 2011. According to The Independent, the film was considered one of "the most highly anticipated" films of late 2010. The newspaper then compared it to the 1948 ballet film The Red Shoes in having "a nightmarish quality ... of a dancer consumed by her desire to dance".[53]

The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in Region 1/Region A on March 29, 2011.[54] The Region 2/Region B version was released on May 16, 2011.

Reception

Box office

Black Swan had a limited release in select cities in North America on December 3, 2010, in 18 theaters[55] and was a surprise box office success.[56] The film took in a total of $415,822 on its opening day, averaging $23,101 per theater.[57] By the end of its opening weekend it grossed $1,443,809—$80,212 per theater. The per location average was the second highest for the opening weekend of 2010 behind The King's Speech.[58] The film is Fox Searchlight Pictures' highest per-theater average gross ever, and it ranks 21st on the all-time list.[59] On its second weekend the film expanded to 90 theaters, and grossed $3.3 million, ranking it as the sixth film at the box-office.[60] In its third weekend, it expanded again to 959 theaters and grossed $8,383,479. The film went on to gross over $106 million in the United States and over $329 million worldwide.[2]

Critical reaction

Scott Franklin, Mila Kunis, Vincent Cassel, Darren Aronofsky, and Sandra Hebron stand on a stage with a golden curtain backdrop wearing formal attire and discussing Black Swan
Black Swan cast and crew (from left to right: producer Scott Franklin, actress Mila Kunis, actor Vincent Cassel, director Darren Aronofsky) discuss the film with Sandra Hebron at the BFI London Film Festival, where it was nominated for Best Film

Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 87% based on reviews from 273 critics, and reports a rating average of 8.2 out of 10.[61] According to the website, the film's critical consensus is, "Bracingly intense, passionate, and wildly melodramatic, Black Swan glides on Darren Aronofsky's bold direction—and a bravura performance from Natalie Portman."[61] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 79 based on 42 reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews".[62]

In September 2010, Entertainment Weekly reported that based on reviews from the film's screening at the Venice Film Festival, "[Black Swan] is already set to be one of the year's most love-it-or-hate-it movies."[63] Leonard Maltin, on his blog Movie Crazy, admitted that he "couldn't stand" the film, despite praising Natalie Portman's performance.[64] Reuters described the early response to the film as "largely positive" with Portman's performance being highly praised.[65] The Sydney Morning Herald reported that "the film divided critics. Some found its theatricality maddening, but most declared themselves 'swept away'."[66]

Kurt Loder of Reason magazine called the film "wonderfully creepy", and wrote that "it's not entirely satisfying; but it's infused with the director's usual creative brio, and it has a great dark gleaming look."[67] Mike Goodridge from Screen Daily called Black Swan "alternately disturbing and exhilarating" and described the film as a hybrid of The Turning Point and Polanski's films Repulsion and Rosemary's Baby. Goodridge described Portman's performance, "[She] is captivating as Nina ... she captures the confusion of a repressed young woman thrown into a world of danger and temptation with frightening veracity." The critic also commended Cassel, Kunis, and Hershey in their supporting roles, particularly comparing Hershey to Ruth Gordon in the role of "the desperate, jealous mother". Goodridge praised Libatique's cinematography with the dance scenes and the psychologically "unnerving" scenes: "It's a mesmerising psychological ride that builds to a gloriously theatrical tragic finale as Nina attempts to deliver the perfect performance."[68]

A line outside the entrance to the 2010 Venice International Film Festival with flags of several countries waving above the door
Black Swan opened at the 67th Venice International Film Festival, making it the third consecutive Aronofsky film to be screened at the ceremony. It was nominated for the Golden Lion and Mila Kunis won the Premio Marcello Mastroianni.

Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a mixed review. He wrote, "[Black Swan] is an instant guilty pleasure, a gorgeously shot, visually complex film whose badness is what's so good about it. You might howl at the sheer audacity of mixing mental illness with the body-fatiguing, mind-numbing rigors of ballet, but its lurid imagery and a hellcat competition between two rival dancers is pretty irresistible." Honeycutt commended Millepied's "sumptuous" choreography and Libatique's "darting, weaving" camera work. The critic said of the thematic mashup, "Aronofsky ... never succeeds in wedding genre elements to the world of ballet ... White Swan/Black Swan dynamics almost work, but the horror-movie nonsense drags everything down the rabbit hole of preposterousness."[69] Similarly, in a piece for The Huffington Post, Rob Kirkpatrick praised Portman's performance but compared the film's story to that of Showgirls (1995) and Burlesque (2010) while concluding Black Swan is "simply higher-priced cheese, Aronofsky's camembert to [Burlesque director Steve] Antin's cheddar.[70]

The film has been criticized for its portrayal of ballet and ballet dancers. Upon the film's release in the United Kingdom, The Guardian interviewed four professional ballet dancers in the UK: Tamara Rojo, Lauren Cuthbertson, Edward Watson, and Elena Glurjidze. Rojo called the film "lazy... featuring every ballet cliche going." Watson felt that the film "makes [ballet] look so naff and laughable. It doesn't show why ballet is so important to us – why we would want to try so hard." [71] The Canadian Press also reported that many Canadian ballet dancers felt that the film depicted dancers negatively and exaggerated elements of their lives but gave Portman high marks for her dance technique.[72] In an interview with the Los Angeles Times, Gillian Murphy a principal dancer with American Ballet Theatre praised the visual elements of the film but noted that the film presentation of the ballet world was "extreme." [73]

Accolades

Main article: List of accolades received by Black Swan

Black Swan appeared on many critics' top ten lists of 2010 and is frequently considered to be one of the best films of the year.[74] It was also featured on the American Film Institute's 10 Movies of the Year.[75] On January 25, 2011 the film was nominated for five Academy Awards (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actress, Best Cinematography and Best Film Editing) and won one for Portman's performance.[76]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Zeitchik, Steven (September 17, 2010). "Darren Aronofsky's 'Black Swan' a feature film of a different feather". The Korea Herald (McClatchy-Tribune Information Services). Retrieved February 4, 2012. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Black Swan (2010)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 10, 2011. 
  3. ↑ "Direct Effect Season 1, Episode 7 Darren Aronofsky of BLACK SWAN". Fox Movie Channel Originals. TV Guide. October 8, 2011.
  4. ↑ "'Black Swan' director Darren Aronofsky likes a challenge". Los Angeles Times. December 9, 2010
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Wloszczyna, Susan (July 22, 2010). "Black Swan stars step deftly into roles". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 21, 2010. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Ditzian, Eric (August 30, 2010). "Black Swan Director Darren Aronofsky On Ballet, Natalie Portman And Lesbian Kisses". MTV Movies Blog (MTV). Archived from the original on August 30, 2010. 
  7. ↑ Wigler, Josh (August 5, 2010). "Natalie Portman Likens Black Swan To Rosemary's Baby In Terms Of Tone". MTV Movies Blog (MTV). Archived from the original on August 6, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2010. 
  8. ↑ Buchanan, Kyle (August 26, 2010). "Vincent Cassel on Mesrine, Black Swan, and Acting". Movieline. Archived from the original on August 28, 2010. 
  9. ↑ Wigler, Josh (December 8, 2009). "Natalie Portman Joined Darren Aronofsky's 'Black Swan' To Explore Her Adulthood". MTV Movies Blog (MTV). Archived from the original on August 4, 2010. Retrieved December 11, 2009. 
  10. ↑ Lesnick, Silas (December 13, 2009). "Mila Kunis Talks Black Swan". ComingSoon.net. Archived from the original on August 4, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2009. 
  11. ↑ Douglas, Edward (August 7, 2010). "Exclusive: Vincent Cassel Back for Eastern Promises 2". ComingSoon.net (CraveOnline). Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. 
  12. ↑ "Portman's "hyper" ballet training". Press Association. September 1, 2010. Archived from the original on September 1, 2010. 
  13. ↑ Stated by Kunis on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, December 6, 2010.
  14. ↑ Wolf, Jeanne (September 3, 2009). "Mila Kunis: "Who Wants To Be Normal?"". Parade. Archived from the original on August 22, 2010. 
  15. ↑ Kisselgoff, Anna (December 19, 2009). "Georgina Parkinson, Star At Royal Ballet, Dies at 71". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 28, 2010. 
  16. ↑ Fuhrer, Margaret (April–May 2010). "Ballet All Over: Big Names in Black Swan". Pointe Magazine (Macfadden Performing Arts Media). Archived from the original on August 4, 2010. Retrieved April 16, 2010. 
  17. ↑ Levine, Debra. "Natalie Portman's evil twin, body-double Kimberly Prosa". Huffington Post. Retrieved January 29, 2011. 
  18. ↑ McCabe, Joseph (December 10, 2009). "Behold the Latest Swan". FEARnet (Horror Entertainment, LLC). Retrieved December 11, 2009. 
  19. ↑ Vena, Jocelyn (July 23, 2010). "Taylor Swift Dishes On "Mine" Video Love Interest". MTV News (MTV). Retrieved August 1, 2010. 
  20. ↑ Kroll, Justin (December 3, 2009). "Sebastian Stan". Variety. Retrieved December 11, 2009. 
  21. ↑ "EXCL: Montgomery Dances to Groove of Black Swan". ShockTillYouDrop.com (CraveOnline). December 11, 2009. Retrieved January 3, 2010. 
  22. ↑ Collett-White, Mike (September 1, 2010). "Natalie Portman takes a dark turn in Venice film". Reuters. Archived from the original on September 1, 2010. 
  23. ↑ Wloszczyna, Susan (July 22, 2010). "First look: Ballet thriller Black Swan from Darren Aronofsky". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 4, 2010. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Thompson, Anne (September 15, 2010). "Exclusive Interview: Aronofsky Talks the "Nightmare" of Getting Black Swan Made". IndieWire. Retrieved September 18, 2012. 
  25. ↑ Fleming, Michael (January 19, 2007). "U springs for Swan". Variety. Retrieved December 11, 2009. 
  26. ↑ Zeitchik, Steven (June 15, 2009). "Natalie Portman to sing Swan song". The Hollywood Reporter. 
  27. ↑ Zeitchik, Steven (July 26, 2009). "Mila Kunis hunts Black Swan". The Hollywood Reporter. 
  28. ↑ Retrieved March 6, 2011
  29. ↑ Zeitchik, Steven (November 9, 2009). "Searchlight could sing Swan's song". The Hollywood Reporter. 
  30. ↑ Barry, Colleen (September 1, 2010). "Black Swan opens Venice Film Festival". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on September 1, 2010. 
  31. ↑ Mesure, Susie (January 23, 2011). "Feathers ruffled over Black Swan". The Independent (UK). Retrieved January 30, 2011. 
  32. ↑ Laverty, Chris (January 28, 2011). "Black Swan: Amy Westcott Interview". Clothes On Film. Retrieved January 30, 2011. 
  33. ↑ Fuhrer, Margaret (April–May 2010). "Ballet All Over: Big Names in Black Swan". Pointe Magazine (Macfadden Performing Arts Media). 
  34. ↑ Farley, Christopher (March 26, 2011). "Natalie Portman's Black Swan Dance Double Says She Deserves More Credit". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 30, 2011. 
  35. ↑ Perron, Wendy (March 3, 2011). "Is There a Blackout on Black Swan's Dancing?". Dance Magazine. Retrieved March 30, 2011. 
  36. ↑ Lenihan, Jean (March 23, 2011). "Choreographer Benjamin Millepied on life after Black Swan". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 23, 2011. 
  37. ↑ Perron, Wendy (March 11, 2011). "Putting the Black Swan Blackout in Context". Dance Magazine. Retrieved March 26, 2011. 
  38. ↑ "Darren Aronofsky Defends Natalie Portman's "Black Swan" Dancing". Worstpreviews.com. Retrieved March 29, 2011. 
  39. ↑ Rich, Katey (December 2, 2010). "Interview: Darren Aronofsky On Music, Scares And Gender In Black Swan". Cinema Blend. Retrieved December 12, 2010. 
  40. ↑ Wright, James (December 17, 2009). "Clint Mansell interview". Independent Film Channel. Retrieved December 12, 2010. 
  41. ↑ Burlingame, Jon (December 21, 2010). "Academy nixes four score contenders". Variety. Retrieved December 24, 2010. 
  42. ↑ "Chemical Brothers pen new songs for "Black Swan"". British Music Guide. Retrieved December 24, 2010. 
  43. ↑ Vivarelli, Nick (September 1, 2010). "Aronofsky flies Swan at Venice". Variety. Archived from the original on September 1, 2010. 
  44. ↑ Lyman, Eric J. (August 25, 2010). "Venice Fest looks to re-energize". The Hollywood Reporter. 
  45. ↑ Lyman, Eric J. (July 22, 2010). "Aronofsky's Black Swan to open Venice fest". The Hollywood Reporter. 
  46. ↑ Scott, A. O. (September 6, 2010). "Movies, Mountains and High Hopes". The New York Times. Retrieved September 6, 2010. 
  47. ↑ Knegt, Peter (July 27, 2010). "Toronto Sets Over 50 Titles For 2010 Fest". indiewire.com (Moviefone). Archived from the original on August 30, 2010. 
  48. ↑ Evans, Ian (2010). "Black Swan — Toronto International Film Festival premiere coverage". DigitalHit.com. Retrieved November 17, 2010. 
  49. ↑ Scott, Mike (August 30, 2010). "Welcome to the Rileys to open 2010 New Orleans Film Festival". The Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on August 30, 2010. 
  50. ↑ "Black Swan, 127 Hours to Austin Fest". The Hollywood Reporter. September 21, 2010. 
  51. ↑ Gritten, David (October 25, 2010). "The London Film Festival is flourishing". The Daily Telegraph (UK). 
  52. ↑ Zeitchik, Steven (October 13, 2010). "AFI Fest offers festival favorites, free tickets". Los Angeles Times. 
  53. ↑ Hughes, Sarah (August 27, 2010). "Darkness and despair: that's dance on screen". The Independent (UK). Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. 
  54. ↑ "Black Swan Blu-ray Release Date and Details". thehdroom.com. February 28, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2011. 
  55. ↑ DiOrio, Carl (December 5, 2010). "'Black Swan' Breaks Studio Record as Prestige Films Make Impressive Debuts, Expansions". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 11, 2012. 
  56. ↑ Zeitchik, Steven; Fritz, Ben (January 16, 2011). "'Black Swan's' risks pay off". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 7, 2012. 
  57. ↑ "Daily Box Office for Friday, December 3, 2010". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. December 6, 2010. Retrieved December 6, 2010. 
  58. ↑ Young, John (December 5, 2010). "Box office report: Tangled wins slow weekend with $21.5 mil". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 8, 2010. 
  59. ↑ Subers, Ray (December 6, 2010). "Arthouse Audit: Black Swan Soars". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 7, 2010. 
  60. ↑ Gray, Brandon (December 13, 2010). "Weekend Report: Narnia Fails to Tread Water, Tourist Trips". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 19, 2010. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 "Black Swan". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 18, 2012. 
  62. ↑ "Black Swan". Metacritic. Retrieved September 18, 2012. 
  63. ↑ Markovitz, Adam (September 2, 2010). "Is Darren Aronofsky's Black Swan a masterpiece? Early buzz from the Venice Film Festival". Archived from the original on September 2, 2010. 
  64. ↑ "film review: BLACK SWAN | Leonard Maltin". Blogs.indiewire.com. Retrieved November 27, 2012. 
  65. ↑ Collett-White, Mike (September 2, 2010). "Natalie Portman Earns Early Awards Buzz for Ballet Drama". USA: ABC. Reuters. Archived from the original on September 2, 2010. 
  66. ↑ Bunbury, Stephanie (September 5, 2010). "Venice's red carpet fades but movie magic shines bright". Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on September 5, 2010. 
  67. ↑ Loder, Kurt (December 2, 2010) Black Swan, Reason
  68. ↑ Goodridge, Mike (September 1, 2010). "Black Swan". Screen Daily. Retrieved September 1, 2010. 
  69. ↑ Honeycutt, Kirk (September 1, 2010). "Black Swan – Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. 
  70. ↑ Kirkpatrick, Rob (January 14, 2011). "Burlesque and Black Swan: The Showgirls of Burlesque vs. the Showgirls of Ballet?". The Huffington Post. Retrieved March 15, 2011. 
  71. ↑ Mackrell, Judith (January 5, 2011). "What Britain's ballet stars made of Black Swan". The Guardian (UK). 
  72. ↑ "Dancers object to Black Swan's stereotypes". CBC.ca. The Canadian Press. December 26, 2010. Retrieved December 26, 2010. 
  73. ↑ http://articles.latimes.com/2010/dec/07/entertainment/la-et-black-swan-ballet-20101207
  74. ↑ "2010 Film Critic Top Ten Lists". Metacritic. Retrieved December 20, 2010. 
  75. ↑ "AFI AWARDS 2010". American Film Institute. Retrieved December 20, 2010. 
  76. ↑ "Nominees for the 83rd Academy Awards". oscars.org. Retrieved January 25, 2011. 

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