Black Scoter
| Black Scoter | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Adult male | |
| Conservation status | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Superorder: | Galloanserae |
| Order: | Anseriformes |
| Family: | Anatidae |
| Subfamily: | Merginae |
| Genus: | Melanitta |
| Subgenus: | (Oidemia) |
| Species: | M. americana |
| Binomial name | |
| Melanitta americana (Swainson, 1832) | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Melanitta nigra americana | |
The Black or American Scoter (Melanitta americana) is a large sea duck, 43 to 49 cm (17 to 19 in) in length. Together with the Common Scoter M. nigra, it forms the subgenus Oidemia; the two are sometimes considered conspecific, the Black Scoter then being referred to as M. nigra americana. Its French name, used in parts of its Canadian range, is macreuse noire[2] (also meaning "black scoter").
Description
The adult female averages about 980 g (2.16 lb) and 45 cm (18 in) in length, while the adult male is on average 1,100 g (2.4 lb) and 49 cm (19 in) in length. It is characterised by its bulky shape and large bill. The male is all black with a very bulbous bill which is mostly yellow,a good relation with the common scoter. The female is a brown bird with pale cheeks, very similar to female Common Scoter. This is America's only black duck, although the female may have some yellow around the nostrils.
This species can be distinguished from other scoters, apart from Common, by the lack of white anywhere on the drake, and the more extensive pale areas on the female.
Vocalisations
Black Scoter and Common Scoter have diagnosably distinct vocalisations.[3]
Distribution
The Black Scoter breeds in the far north of North America in Labrador and Newfoundland to the southeast Hudson Bay, in Alaska. It also occurs on the Siberian side of the Bering Straits east of the Yana River. It winters further south in temperate zones, on the coasts of the northern USA and Canada, on the Pacific coast south to the San Francisco Bay region and on the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts, and in Asia as far south as China.[2][4]
Some birds may over-winter on the Great Lakes. This species is a very rare vagrant to western Europe; only drakes are safely identifiable out of range, so females are likely to be undetected.
Ecology
This species dives for crustaceans and molluscs while migrating or wintering on the sea-coasts, and feeds on insects and their larvae, especially caddisflies, fish eggs and, more rarely, vegetation such as duck weed while nesting on freshwater. It forms large flocks on suitable coastal waters in winter quarters. These are tightly packed, and the birds tend to take off together; in the breeding season they are less social. It has been suggested that in coastal waters this species prefers sheltered embayments, and possibly waters that include some mixed depths.[5]
The lined nest is built on the ground close to the sea, lakes or rivers, in woodland or tundra. 5–7 eggs are laid. Each eggs weighs from 60–74 g (2.1–2.6 oz), or 8% of the females body weight. The incubation period may range from 27 to 31 days. Females brood their young extensively for about 3 weeks, after which the still flightless young must fend for themselves.
References
- ↑ BirdLife International (2013). "Melanitta americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Sea Duck Joint Venture (2003): Black Scoter (Melanitta nigra). Sea Duck Information Series . Version of Oct. 2003.
- ↑ Sangster, George (2009). "Acoustic Differences between the Scoters Melanitta nigra nigra and M. n. americana". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 121 (4): 696–702. doi:10.1676/04-088.1.
- ↑ Some unusual records for San Mateo County, California. Abstract in: Littlejohn, Chase (1916). "Minutes of Cooper Club Meetings". Condor 18 (1): 38–40. doi:10.2307/1362896.
- ↑ Deghi, Gary et al. (1989): Environmental Impact Report for the Pillar Point East Harbor Master Plan. Earth Metrics Inc., San Mateo County Harbor District, February, 1989.
Further reading
- Zim, Herbert Spencer; Robbins, Chandler S.; Bruun, Bertel (2001): Birds of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. Golden Publishing.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Scoter. |
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Wikispecies has information related to: Melanitta americana |
- Black Scoter videos, photos, and sounds at the Internet Bird Collection
- Black Scoter photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
- Black Scoter Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology