BlackBerry Ltd

BlackBerry Limited

Type	Public
Traded as	TSX: BB (2013–present) NASDAQ: BBRY (2013–present) S&P/TSX 60 Component TSX: RIM (1998–2013) NASDAQ: RIMM (1998–2013)
Industry	Telecommunications equipment
Founded	1984 (1984)
Founder(s)	Mike Lazaridis
Headquarters	Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Prem Watsa (Lead Director and Chair of Compensation) John S. Chen (Chief Executive Officer) Mike Lazaridis (Vice Chairman)
Products	BlackBerry BlackBerry Enterprise Server BlackBerry Internet Service QNX Ripple Emulator BlackBerry PlayBook BlackBerry 10
Revenue	US$ 11.073 billion (2013)[1]
Operating income	US$ -1.235 billion (2013)[1]
Net income	US$ -646 million (2013)[1]
Total assets	US$ 13.165 billion (2013)[1]
Total equity	US$ 9.460 billion (2013)[1]
Employees	7260 (September 2013) [2]
Website	blackberry.com

BlackBerry Limited, formerly known as Research In Motion Limited (RIM),^[3][4] is a Canadian telecommunication and wireless equipment company best known as the developer of the BlackBerry brand of smartphones and tablets. The company is headquartered in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It was founded by Mike Lazaridis, who served as its co-CEO along with Jim Balsillie until January 22, 2012; as of November 2013, Prem Watsa assumes the new title of "Lead Director and Chair of Compensation".^[5] In November 2013, John S. Chen took over as CEO. His strategy is to farm out manufacturing to Foxconn, and to focus on software technology.^[6]

Originally a dominant innovative company in the smartphone market for business and government usage, with 43% US market share in 2010, the company has in recent years declined precipitously, in part because of intense competition from Apple's iPhone and Google's Android brands. Due to such competition, the company's share in the US personal consumer market was reduced to 3.8% in 2013.^[7] On September 23, 2013 the company signed a letter of intent to be acquired for US$4.7 billion, or US$9 per share, by a consortium led by Fairfax Financial which has announced its intentions to take the company private.^[8] The majority of Blackberry's remaining value lies in its patent portfolio, which has been valued at between US$2 billion and $3 billion.^[9]

History

Early years and growth (1984–2000)

Research In Motion Limited was founded in 1984 by Mike Lazaridis and Douglas Fregin. At the time, Lazaridis was an engineering student at the University of Waterloo while Fregin was an engineering student at the University of Windsor. ^[10]

RIM's early development was financed by Canadian institutional and venture capital investors in 1995 through a private placement in the privately held company. Working Ventures Canadian Fund Inc. led the first venture round^[11] with a C$5,000,000 investment with the proceeds being used to complete the development of RIM's two-way paging system hardware and software. A total of C$30,000,000 in pre-IPO financing was raised by the company prior to its initial public offering on the Toronto Stock Exchange in January 1998 under the symbol RIM.^[12]

The company worked with RAM Mobile Data and Ericsson to turn the Ericsson-developed Mobitex wireless data network into a two-way paging and wireless e-mail network. Pivotal in this development was the release of the Inter@ctive Pager 950, which started shipping in August 1998. About the size of a bar of soap, this device competed against the SkyTel two-way paging network developed by Motorola.

In 1999, RIM introduced the BlackBerry 850 pager. Named in reference to the resemblance of its keyboard's keys to the druplets of the blackberry fruit, the device could receive push email from a Microsoft Exchange Server using its complementary server software, BlackBerry Enterprise Server (BES). The introduction of the BlackBerry set the stage for future enterprise-oriented products from the company, such as the BlackBerry 957 in April 2000, the first BlackBerry smartphone. The BlackBerry OS platform and BES continued to increase in functionality—while the incorporation of encryption and S/MIME support helped BlackBerry devices gain increased usage by governments and businesses.^[13][14]

Expansion and competition (2001–2011)

RIM soon began to introduce BlackBerry devices aimed towards the consumer market as well, beginning with the BlackBerry Pearl 8100—the first BlackBerry phone to include multimedia features such as a camera. The introduction of the Pearl series was highly successful, as was the subsequent Curve 8300 series and Bold 9000. Extensive carrier partnerships fueled the rapid expansion of BlackBerry users globally in both enterprise and consumer markets.

The arrival of the first Apple iPhone in 2007 caused much fanfare and speculation that the BlackBerry might have its first serious competition. Boasting a powerful mobile browser, a new touch screen interface, strong multimedia capabilities and (later) a bundled application storefront with many mobile apps, the iPhone was referred to as a "BlackBerry Killer" by some in the media. The introduction of Apple's iPhone on the AT&T network in the fall of 2007 in the United States prompted RIM to produce its first touchscreen smartphone for the competing Verizon network in 2008— the BlackBerry Storm. The Storm sold well but suffered from mixed to poor reviews and poor customer satisfaction.^[14][15] The iPhone initially lagged behind the BlackBerry in both shipments and active users, due to RIM's head start and larger carrier distribution network. In the United States, the BlackBerry user base peaked at approximately 21 million users in the fall of 2010.^[16][17][18] That quarter, the company's global subscriber base stood at 36 million users.^[19] As the iPhone and Google Android accelerated growth in the United States, the BlackBerry began to turn to other smartphone platforms. Nonetheless, the BlackBerry line as a whole continued to enjoy success, spurned on by strong international growth. As of December 1, 2012, the company had 79 million BlackBerry users globally ^[20] with only 9 million remaining in the United States.^[21]

Even as the company continued to grow worldwide, investors and media became increasingly alarmed about the company's ability to compete with devices from rival mobile operating systems iOS and Android. Analysts were also worried about the strategic direction of the co-CEOs' management structure.

Following numerous attempts to upgrade their existing Java platform, the company made numerous acquisitions to help it create a new, more powerful BlackBerry platform, centered around its recently acquired real-time operating system QNX.^[22] In March 2011, Research In Motion Ltd.’s then-co-CEO Jim Balsillie suggested during a conference call that the "launch of some powerful new BlackBerrys" (eventually released as BlackBerry 10) would be in early 2012. However analysts were "worried that promoting the mysterious, supposedly game-changing devices too early might hurt sales of existing BlackBerrys" (similar to the Osbourne effect). The initial launch date was seen in retrospect as too ambitious, and hurt the company's credibility at a time when its existing aging products steadily lost market share.^[23]

On September 27, 2010, RIM announced the long-rumoured BlackBerry PlayBook tablet, the first product running on the new QNX platform known as BlackBerry Tablet OS. The BlackBerry PlayBook was officially released to US and Canadian consumers on April 19, 2011. The PlayBook was criticized for being rushed to market in an incomplete state and sold poorly. Following the shipments of 900,000 tablets during its first three quarters on market, slow sales and inventory pileups prompted the company to reduce prices and to write down the inventory value by $485 million.^[24]

Primary competition

The primary competitors of the BlackBerry are smartphones running Android and the Apple iPhone, with Microsoft's Windows Phone platform emerging as a more recent competitor. For a number of years, the BlackBerry was the leading smartphone in many markets, particularly the United States. The arrival of the Apple iPhone and later Google's Android platform caused a slowdown in BlackBerry growth and a decline in sales in some markets, most notably the United States. This led to negative media and analyst sentiment over the company's ability to continue as an independent company.^[25] BlackBerry has managed to maintain significant positions in many markets, bolstered by a large entrenched user base, cost effective phones and plans, and a growing smartphone market globally.^[26]

Impact of the Apple iPhone

When the Apple iPhone was first introduced in 2007, it generated substantial media attention, with numerous media outlets calling it a "BlackBerry Killer".^{[27] [28]} The media attention to the iPhone drew consumer interest to smartphones in general, with both RIM and Apple substantially increasing sales as the market itself grew substantially. In addition, both ate into sales of older competitors, such as Windows Mobile and Palm. While BlackBerry sales continued to grow, the newer iPhone grew at a faster rate.

The first three models of the iPhone (introduced in 2007) generally lagged behind the BlackBerry in sales, as RIM had major advantages in carrier and enterprise support, however Apple continued gaining market share. In October 2008, Apple briefly passed RIM in quarterly sales when they announced they had sold 6.9 million iPhones to the 6.1 sold by RIM, comparing partially overlapping quarters between the companies.^[29] Though Apple's iPhone sales declined to 4.3 million in the subsequent quarter^[30] and RIM's increased to 7.8 million, for some investors this indicated a sign of weakness.^[31] Apple's iPhone began to sell more phones quarterly than the BlackBerry in 2010, brought on by the release of the iPhone 4.^[32][33]

In the United States, the BlackBerry hit its peak in September 2010, when almost 22 million users, or 37% of the 58.7 million American smartphone users at the time, were using a BlackBerry.^[34] BlackBerry then began to decline in use in the United States, with Apple's installed base in the United States finally passing BlackBerry in April 2011.^[35] Sales of the iPhone continued to accelerate, as did the Smartphone market, while the BlackBerry began to lose users continuously in the United States. By January 2013, only 7.63 million (5.9%) of the 129.40 million smartphone users in the United States were on a BlackBerry compared to 48.91 million (37.8%) on an iPhone.^[36]

Impact of Google Android

Google's Android Operating System, running on hardware by a range of manufacturers including Sony Ericsson, Motorola, HTC, Samsung, LG and many others ramped up the competition for Blackberry. In January 2010, barely 3 million (7.1%) of the 42.7 million Smartphones in use at the time in the United States were running Android, compared to 18 million BlackBerry devices (43%).^[37] Within a single year Android had passed the installed base of the BlackBerry in the United States.^[38] As of January 2013, there are 67.68 million Smartphones in the United States running Android compared to 7.63 million running BlackBerry.

Criticism

While RIM's secure encrypted network was attractive to corporate customers, their handsets were sometimes considered less attractive to consumers than iPhone and Android smartphones. Developers often developed consumer applications for those platforms and not the BlackBerry.^[39][40] The company also faced criticism that its hardware and operating system were outdated and unappealing compared to the competition and that the browsing capabilities were poorer.^[41]

Strategic changes and restructuring (2011–present)

Slowing growth prompted the company to undertake a lay-off of 2,000 employees in the summer of 2011.^[42] In September 2011, the company's BlackBerry Internet Service suffered a massive outage, impacting millions of customers for several days. The outage embarrassingly occurred as Apple prepared to launch the iPhone 4S, causing fears of mass defections from the platform.^[43]

Shortly afterwards, in October 2011, RIM unveiled BBX, a new platform for future BlackBerry smartphones that would be based on the same QNX-based platform as the PlayBook. However, due to an accusation of trademark infringement regarding the name BBX, the platform was renamed BlackBerry 10.^[44][45] The task proved to be daunting, with the company delaying the launch in December 2011 to some time in 2012.^[46] On January 22, 2012, Mike Lazaridis and Jim Balsillie resigned as the CEOs of the company, handing the reins over to executive Thorsten Heins.^[47] On March 29, 2012, the company reported its first net loss in years.^[48] Heins set about the task of restructuring the company, including announcing plans to lay off 5,000 employees, replacing numerous executives, and delaying the new QNX-based operating system for phones ("BlackBerry 10") a second time into January 2013.^[49]

After much criticism and numerous delays, RIM officially launched BlackBerry 10 and two new smartphones based off the platform, the BlackBerry Z10 and Q10, on January 30, 2013.^[14][50][51] The BlackBerry Z10, the first BlackBerry smartphone running BlackBerry 10, debuted worldwide in January 2013, going on sale immediately in the UK with other countries following. A marked departure from previous BlackBerry phones, the Z10 featured a fully touch-based design, a dual-core processor, and a high-definition display. BlackBerry 10 had 70,000 applications available at launch, which the company expected would rise to 100,000 by the time the device made its debut in the United States. In support of the launch, the company aired its first Super Bowl television advertisement in the U.S. and Canada during Super Bowl XLVII.^[52] In discussing the decision to create a proprietary operating system instead of adopting an off-the-shelf platform such as Android, Heins noted, "If you look at other suppliers' ability to differentiate, there's very little wiggle room. We looked at it seriously—but if you understand what the promise of BlackBerry is to its user base it's all about getting stuff done. Games, media, we have to be good at it but we have to support those guys who are ahead of the game. Very little time to consume and enjoy content—if you stay true to that purpose you have to build on that basis. And if we want to serve that segment we can't do it on a me-too approach."^[53] Chief Operating Officer Kristian Tear remarked "We want to regain our position as the number one in the world", while Chief Marketing Officer Frank Boulben proclaimed "It could be the greatest comeback in tech history. The carriers are behind us. They don't want a duopoly" (referring to Apple and Samsung).^[41]

During the BlackBerry 10 launch event, the company also announced that it would change its public brand from Research In Motion to BlackBerry.^[4][50] The name change was made to "put the BlackBerry brand at the centre" of the company's diverse brands, and because customers in some markets "already know the company as BlackBerry".^[14] While a shareholder vote on an official name change to BlackBerry Limited will be held at its next annual general meeting, its ticker symbols on the TSX and NASDAQ changed to BB and BBRY respectively on February 4, 2013.^[54][55]

On August 12, 2013, the company announced that it was open to being purchased and stated in an official news release to Canada’s securities administrators:

The company’s board of directors has formed a special committee to explore strategic alternatives to enhance value and increase scale in order to accelerate BlackBerry 10 deployment. These alternatives could include, among others, possible joint ventures, strategic partnerships or alliances, a sale of the Company or other possible transactions.^[56]

Canada Pension Plan Investment Board’s CEO Mark Wiseman stated that he would consider investing in BlackBerry if the company became private.^[57] Also on August 12, 2013, foremost shareholder Prem Watsa resigned from BlackBerry's board.^[58]

On September 20, 2013, the company announced it would lay off 4,500 staff, and take a CAD$1bn operating loss.^[59] Three days later, the company announced that it had signed a letter of Intent to be acquired by a Consortium led by Prem Watsa owned Fairfax Financial Holdings for a $9 per share deal. However the company would remain open to alternative offers till November 4, 2013. Watsa also confirmed the deal.^[60] In the event, Watsa's group decided to finance CAD$1bn instead of a takeover, and installed John Chen as CEO to replace the laid-off Heins.^[61]

As of September 29, 2013, the company operates a direct sales model for customers in the United States, whereby unlocked Q10 and Z10 smartphones are sold directly from the Blackberry website.^[62] On October 15, 2013, the company published an open letter in 30 publications in nine countries to reassure customers that BlackBerry continues as a reputable and reliable brand.^[63] Anthony Michael Sabino, St. John’s University business professor, stated in the Washington Post: "This is BlackBerry’s last ditch attempt to simply survive in the face of crushing competition in a market it essentially invented."^[64]

Success in marketplace

Financials

The number of active BlackBerry users has increased over time. For the fiscal period in which the Apple iPhone was first released, RIM reported a user base of 10.5 million BlackBerry subscribers.^[65] At the end of 2008, when Google Android first hit the market, RIM reported that the number of BlackBerry subscribers had increased to 21 million.^[66][67] In the quarter ended June 28, 2012, RIM announced that the number of BlackBerry subscribers had reached 78 million globally.^[68]

After the release of the Apple iPhone 5 in September 2012, RIM CEO Thorsten Heins announced that the number of global users was up to 80 million, which sparked a 7% jump in shares.^[69]

In September 2013, the company announced that its growing BBM instant messaging service will be available for Android and iPhone devices. Blackberry stated that the service has 60 million monthly active customers who send and receive more than 10 billion messages a day. The "BBM Channels" enhancement is expected in late 2013, whereby conversations are facilitated between users and communities, based on factors such as common interests, brands, and celebrities.^[70]

On September 28, 2013, media reports confirmed that Blackberry lost US$1.049 billion during the second fiscal quarter of 2013. In the wake of the loss, Heins stated: "“We are very disappointed with our operational and financial results this quarter and have announced a series of major changes to address the competitive hardware environment and our cost structure."^[71]

Fiscal Year	Sales ($ millions)	Operating Income ($ millions)	Net Income ($ millions)	Active BlackBerry Subscribers
2002[72]	294	(58)	(28)
2003[72]	307	(64)	(149)	534,000
2004[72]	595	78	52	1,069,000
2005[72]	1,350	386	206	2,510,000
2006[72]	2,066	617	375	4,900,000
2007[72]	3,037	807	632	8,000,000
2008[72]	6,009	1,731	1,294	14,000,000
2009[72]	11,065	2,722	1,893	25,000,000
2010[72]	14,953	3,507	2,457	41,000,000
2011[72]	19,907	4,739	3,444	70,000,000
2012[72]	18,508	1,164	2,199	77,000,000
2013[72]	11,073	(628)	(317)	79,000,000

Changes in financial fortune

In the fourth quarter of fiscal year ended March 3, 2012, RIM shipped 11.1 million BlackBerry smartphones, down 21 percent from the previous quarter and it was the first decline in the quarter covering Christmas since 2006. For its fourth quarter, RIM announced a net loss of $125 million (the last loss before this occurred in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2005).^[73] RIM's loss of market share accelerated in 2011 due to rapidly growing sales of Samsung and HTC Android handsets; RIM's market share in the USA dropped to just 3 percent from 9 percent a year.^[74]

On June 28, 2012, RIM reported its first quarter revenue for its 2013 fiscal year. The company incurred a GAAP net loss of $518 million for the quarter and plans to implement a $1 billion cost saving initiative. The company also announced the delay of the new BlackBerry 10 OS to the first quarter of 2013.^[75]

On December 2, 2012, the company reported a decline in revenue of 5% from the previous quarter and 47% from the same period the previous year. The company reported a GAAP profit of $14 million (adjusted net loss of $115 million), an improvement over previous quarters. The company also grew cash to $2.9 billion, increasing it to nearly $600 million in the quarter. The global subscriber base of BlackBerry users declined slightly for the first time to 79 million, after peaking at an all-time high of 80 million the previous quarter.^[31]

Organizational changes

Leadership changes

The company was often criticized for its dual CEO structure. Under the original organization, Mike Lazardis oversaw technical functions, while Jim Balsillie oversaw sales/marketing functions.^{[citation needed]} Some saw this arrangement as a dysfunctional management structure and believed RIM acted as two companies, slowing the effort to release the new BlackBerry 10 operating system.^[76][77]

On June 30, 2011, an investor push for the company to split its dual-CEO structure was unexpectedly withdrawn after an agreement was made with RIM. RIM announced that after discussions between the two groups, Northwest & Ethical Investments would withdraw its shareholder proposal before RIM's annual meeting.^[78]

On January 22, 2012, RIM announced that its CEOs Balsillie and Lazaridis had stepped down from their positions. They were replaced by Thorsten Heins.^[79] Heins hired investment banks RBC Capital Markets and JP Morgan to seek out potential buyers interested in RIM, while also redoubling efforts on releasing BlackBerry 10.^[41]

On March 29, 2012, RIM announced a strategic review^[80] of its future business strategy that included a plan to refocus on the enterprise business and leverage on its leading position in the enterprise space.^[81] Heins noted, "We believe that BlackBerry cannot succeed if we tried to be everybody's darling and all things to all people. Therefore, we plan to build on our strength."^[82] Balsillie resigned from the board of directors in March 2012, while Lazaridis remained on the board as vice chairman.^[80]

Following the assumption of role as CEO, Heins made substantial changes to the company's leadership team. Changes included the departures of Chief Technology Officer David Yacht; Chief Operating Officer Jim Rowan;^[83] Senior Vice President of Software Alan Brenner;^[84] Chief Legal Officer, Karima Bawa;^[85] and Chief Information Officer Robin Bienfait.^[86]

Following the leadership changes, Heins hired Kristian Tear to assume the role of Chief Operating Officer, Frank Boulben to fill the Chief Marketing Officer role^[85] and appointed Dan Dodge, the CEO of QNX, to take over as Chief Technology Officer.^[87] On July 28, 2012, Steven E. Zipperstein was appointed as the new Vice President and Chief Legal Officer.^[88]

On March 28, 2013, Lazardis relinquished his position as vice chairman and announced his resignation from the board of directors.^[89] Later in the year, Heins was replaced by John S. Chen, who assumed the CEO role in the first week of November. Chen's compensation package mainly consists of BlackBerry shares—a total of 13 million—and he will be entitled to the entire amount of shares after he has served the company for five years. Heins received an exit package of $22 million.^[90]

Workforce reductions

In June 2011, RIM announced its prediction that Q1 2011 revenue would drop for the first time in nine years, and also unveiled plans to reduce its workforce.

In July 2011, the company cut 2,000 jobs, the biggest lay-off in its history and the first major layoff since November 12, 2002 when the company laid off 10% of its workforce (200 employees).^[91] The lay-off reduced the workforce by around 11%, from 19,000 employees to 17,000.^[92]

On June 28, 2012, the company announced a planned workforce reduction of 5,000 by the end of its fiscal 2013, as part of a $1 billion cost savings initiative.^[75]

On July 25, 2013, 250 employees from Blackberry's research and development department and new product testing were laid off. The layoffs were part of the turnaround efforts.^[93]

On September 20, 2013, Blackberry confirmed that the company will have a massive layoff of 4,500 employees by the end of 2013. This would be approximately 40 percent of the company's workforce.^[94]

Stock fluctuations

In June 2011, RIM stock fell to its lowest point since 2006.^[95] On December 16, 2011, RIM shares fell to their lowest price since January 2004.^[96] Overall in 2011, the share price tumbled 80 percent from January to December, causing its market capitalization to fall below book value. By March 2012, shares were worth less than $14, from a high of over $140 in 2008.^[97][98] From June 2008 to June 2011, RIM's shareholders lost almost $70 billion, or 82 percent, as the company's market capitalization dropped from $83 billion to $13.6 billion, the biggest decline among communications-equipment providers.

Shares price fell further on July 16, closing at $7.09 on the Toronto Stock Exchange, the lowest level since September 8, 2003, after a jury in California said RIM must pay $147.2 million as a result of a patent infringement judgement that was subsequently overturned.^[99]

On November 22, 2012, shares of RIM/BlackBerry surged 18%, the largest gain of the stock in over three years. This was due to National Bank of Canada analyst Kris Thompson's announcement that the new BB10 devices were expected to sell better than anticipated; along with raising the target stock price.

On June 28, 2013, after BlackBerry announced net losses of approximately $84 million,^[100] its shares plunged 28%.^[101]

Platform transition

BlackBerry OS (Java)

The existing Java-based BlackBerry OS was intended to operate under much different, simpler conditions such as low powered devices, narrow network bandwidth and high security enterprises. However, as the needs of the mobile user evolved, the aging platform struggled with emerging trends like mobile web browsing, consumer applications, multimedia and touch screen interfaces. Users could experience performance issues, usability problems and instability.^[23]

The company tried to enhance the aging platform with a better web browser, faster performance, a bundled application store and various touch screen enhancements, but ultimately decided to build a new platform with QNX at its core.^[76][102] While most other operating systems are monolithic - the malfunction of one area would cause the whole system to crash – QNX^[103] is more stable because it uses independent building blocks or "kernels", preventing a domino effect if one kernel breaks.^[41] RIM's final major OS release before the release of BlackBerry 10, was BlackBerry 7, which was often criticized as dated and referred to as a temporary stopgap.

BlackBerry Tablet OS (QNX)

The BlackBerry PlayBook was the first RIM product whose BlackBerry Tablet OS was built on QNX, launched in April 2011 as an alternative to the Apple iPad. However, it was criticized for having incomplete software (it initially lacked native email, calendaring and contacts) and a poor app selection. It fared poorly until prices were substantially reduced, like most other tablet computers released that year (Android tablets such as the Motorola Xoom and Samsung Galaxy Tab, and the HP TouchPad). The BlackBerry Tablet OS received a major update in February 2012, as well as numerous minor updates.

BlackBerry 10 (QNX)

BlackBerry 10, a substantially updated version of BlackBerry Tablet OS intended for the next generation BlackBerry smartphones, was originally planned for release in early 2012. The company delayed the product several times, remembering the criticism faced by the BlackBerry Playbook launch and citing the need for it to be perfect in order to stand a chance in the market. It reached the market in early 2013.

Patent litigation

Since the turn of the century, RIM has been embroiled in a series of suits relating to alleged patent infringement.^[104]

Glenayre Electronics

In 2001, Research In Motion sued competitor Glenayre Electronics^[105] Inc. for patent infringement, partly in response to an earlier infringement suit filed by Glenayre against RIM. RIM sought an injunction to prevent Glenayre from infringing on RIM's "Single Mailbox Integration" patent.^[106] The suit was ultimately settled in favour of RIM.

Good Technologies

In June 2002, Research In Motion filed suit against 2000 start-up and competitor Good Technology.^[107] RIM filed additional complaints throughout the year.^[108] In March 2004, Good agreed to a licensing deal, thereby settling the outstanding litigation.^[109]

Handspring

On September 16, 2002, Research In Motion was awarded a patent pertaining to keyboard design on hand-held e-mail devices. Upon receiving the patent, it proceeded to sue Handspring over its Treo device.^[108][110] Handspring eventually agreed to license RIM's patent and avoid further litigation in November of the same year.^[111]

NTP

During the appeals, RIM discovered new prior art that raised a "substantial new question of patentability" and filed for a reexamination of the NTP patents in the United States Patent and Trademark Office. That reexamination was conducted separately to the court cases for infringement. In February 2006, the USPTO rejected all of NTP's claims in three disputed patents. NTP appealed the decision, and the reexamination process was still ongoing as of July 2006 (See NTP, Inc. for details).

On March 3, 2006, RIM announced that it had settled its BlackBerry patent dispute with NTP.^[112] Under the terms of the settlement, RIM agreed to pay NTP US$612.5 million^[112] in a "full and final settlement of all claims." In a statement, RIM said that "all terms of the agreement have been finalized and the litigation against RIM has been dismissed by a court order this afternoon. The agreement eliminates the need for any further court proceedings or decisions relating to damages or injunctive relief."^[113]

Xerox

On July 17, 2003, while still embroiled in litigation with NTP and Good Technology, RIM filed suit against Xerox in the U.S. District of Hartford, Connecticut. The suit was filed in response to discussions about patents held by Xerox that might affect RIM's business, and also asked that patents held by Xerox be invalidated.^[114]

Visto

On May 1, 2006, RIM was sued by Visto for infringement of four patents.^[115] Though the patents were widely considered invalid and in the same veins as the NTP patents – with a judgement going against Visto in the U.K.^[116][117] – RIM settled the lawsuit in the United States on July 16, 2009, with RIM agreeing to pay Visto US$267.5 million plus other undisclosed terms.^[118]

Motorola

On January 22, 2010, Motorola requested that all BlackBerry smartphones be banned from being imported into the United States for infringing upon five of Motorola's patents. Their patents for "early-stage innovations", including UI, power management and WiFi, are in question.^[119] RIM countersued later the same day, alleging anti-competitive behaviour and that Motorola had broken a 2003 licensing agreement by refusing to extend licensing terms beyond 2008.^[120] The companies settled out of court on June 11, 2010.^[121]

Eatoni

On December 5, 2011, Research In Motion obtained an order granting its motion to dismiss plaintiff Eatoni's claims that RIM violated Section 2 of the Sherman Antitrust Act and equivalent portions of New York's Donnelly Act. Eatoni alleged that RIM's alleged infringement of plaintiff's '317 patent constituted an antitrust violation. Eatoni Ergonomics, Inc. v. Research In Motion Corp., No. 08-Civ. 10079 (WHP) (S.D.N.Y. Dec 5, 2011), Memorandum and Order, p. 1 (Pauley, J.).^[122]

Mformation

In July 2012, a U.S. federal court jury awarded damages (later overturned) of $147 million against Research In Motion. The jury claimed that Research In Motion had violated patents of Mformation and calculated damages of $8 each on 18.4 million units for royalties on past sales of devices to nongovernment U.S. customers only, not including future royalty payments inside and outside the U.S.^[123] On August 9, 2012, the jury's finding was overturned on appeal. RIM had argued that Mformation’s patent claims were invalid because the processes were already being used when Mformation filed its patent application. Judge James Ware said Mformation failed to establish that RIM had infringed on the company's patent.^[124]

Acquisitions

Through the years, particularly as the company evolved towards its new platform, BlackBerry has made numerous acquisitions of third party companies and technology.

Slipstream Data Inc.

Slipstream Data Inc was a network optimization / data compression / network acceleration software company. BlackBerry acquired the company as a wholly owned subsidiary on July 11, 2006. The company continues to operate out of Waterloo.

Certicom

Certicom Corp. is a cryptography company founded in 1985 by Gordon Agnew,^[125] Ron Mullin and Scott Vanstone.

The Certicom intellectual property portfolio includes over 350 patents and patents pending worldwide that cover key aspects of elliptic curve cryptography (ECC): software optimizations, efficient hardware implementations, methods to enhance the security, and various cryptographic protocols.^{[citation needed]}

The National Security Agency (NSA) has licensed 26 of Certicom's ECC patents as a way of clearing the way for the implementation of elliptic curves to protect US and allied government information.^[126]

Certicom's current customers include General Dynamics, Motorola, Oracle, Research In Motion and Unisys.^{[citation needed]}

On January 23, 2009, VeriSign entered into an agreement to acquire Certicom.^[127] Research In Motion put in a counter-offer, which was deemed superior.^[128] VeriSign did not match this offer,^[129] and so Certicom announced an agreement to be acquired by RIM,.^[130] Upon the completion of this transaction, Certicom became a wholly owned subsidiary of RIM, and was de-listed from the Toronto Stock Exchange on March 25, 2009.

Dash Navigation

In June 2009, RIM announced they would acquire Dash Navigation, makers of the Dash Express.^[131]

Torch Mobile

In August 2009, RIM acquired Torch Mobile, enabling the inclusion of a Webkit-based browser on their BlackBerry devices, which became the web browser in subsequent Java based operating systems (BlackBerry 6, BlackBerry 7) and operating systems (QNX based BlackBerry Tablet OS and BlackBerry 10). The first product to contain this browser, was the BlackBerry Torch 9800, named after the company.

DataViz

On September 8, 2010, DataViz, Inc.sold their office suite Documents To Go and other assets to Research In Motion for $50 million.^[132] Subsequently, the application which allows users to view and edit Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel and Microsoft PowerPoint was bundled on BlackBerry Smartphones and tablets.

Viigo

On March 26, 2010, the company announced its acquisition of Viigo, a Toronto-based company that developed the popular Viigo for BlackBerry applications, which aggregated news content from around the web. Terms of the deal were not disclosed.^[133]

QNX

RIM reached an agreement with Harman International on April 12, 2010, for RIM to acquire QNX Software Systems. The acquired company was to serve as the foundation for the next generation BlackBerry platform that crossed devices.^{[134][135][136]} QNX became the platform for the BlackBerry PlayBook and BlackBerry 10 Smartphones.

The Astonishing Tribe

The Astonishing Tribe (TAT), a user interface design company based in Malmö, Sweden, was acquired by the company on December 2, 2010.^[137][138] With a history of creating user interfaces and applications for mobile, TAT contributed heavily to the user experience of BlackBerry 10 as well as the development of its GUI framework, Cascades.

JayCut

In July 2011, RIM brought on JayCut, a Sweden-based company that is an online video editor.^[139] JayCut technology was incorporated into the media software of BlackBerry 10^[139]

Tungle.me

On September 18, 2012, it was announced that the RIM service, Tungle.me would be shut down on December 3, 2012. RIM acquired Tungle.me in April 2011.^[140]

Newbay

In July 2011, RIM acquired NewBay, an Irish-based company that is an online video, pics and tool for media networks editor. ^[141] RIM subsequently sold NewBay to Synchronoss in December 2012 for $55.5 million.^[142]

Scoreloop

In 2011 Scoreloop was acquired by BlackBerry. It provides tools for adding social elements to any game (achievements/rewards etc.) and is central to BlackBerry 10's Games app.

Gist

Gist was acquired in February 2011 by BlackBerry. Gist is a tool that helps users to organise and view all their contacts in one place. Gist's services closed down on September 15, 2012 in order for the company to focus on BlackBerry 10.^[143]

Controversies

Stock option scandal settlement

In 2007, Co-CEO Jim Balsillie was forced to resign as chairman as the company announced a $250-million earnings restatement relating to mistakes in how it granted stock options. Furthermore, an internal review found that hundreds of stock-option grants had been backdated, timed to a low share price to make them more lucrative.^[144]

In January 2009, Canadian regulators stated that they were seeking a record penalty of $80 million USD from the top two executives, Co-CEOs Jim Balsillie and Mike Lazaridis. Furthermore, the Ontario Securities Commission (OSC) has pushed for Balsillie to pay the bulk of any penalty and relinquish his seat on RIM's board of directors for a period of time.^[145]

On February 5, 2009, several executives and directors of Research In Motion agreed to pay the penalties to settle an investigation into the backdating of stock options. The Ontario Securities Commission approved the arrangement in a closed-door meeting.

Under the terms of a settlement agreement with the OSC, RIM co-chief executive officers Jim Balsillie and Mike Lazaridis, as well as chief operating officer Dennis Kavelman, will jointly pay a total of C$68-million to RIM to reimburse the company for losses from the backdating and for the costs of a long internal investigation. The three are also required to pay C$9-million to the OSC.

Initially, Balsillie had stepped down from RIM's board of directors on a temporarily for a year and remained in his executive role.^[146][147] Balsille left the Board in January 2012 and stepped down from his executive role in March 2012.

Environmental record

In November 2011, RIM was ranked 15th out of 15 electronics manufacturers in Greenpeace’s re-launched Guide to Greener Electronics. The guide ranks manufacturers according to their policies and practices to reduce their impact on the climate, produce greener products, and make their operations more sustainable. RIM appeared for the first time in 2011 with a score of 1.6 out of 10. In the Energy section the company was criticized by Greenpeace for not seeking external verification for its data on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, for not having a clean electricity plan and for not setting a target to reduce GHG emissions.^[148]

RIM performed badly in the Products category, only scoring points for the energy efficiency of its products as it reports that its BlackBerry charger gets the European Commission IPP 4-star rating. Meanwhile on Sustainable Operations the company scored well for its stance on conflict minerals and received points for its Paper Procurement Policy and its mail-back programme for e-waste. Nevertheless, RIM was given no points for the management of GHG emissions from its supply chain.^[148]

In its 2012 report on progress relating to conflict minerals, the Enough Project rated RIM the sixth highest of 24 consumer electronics companies.^[149]

Anonymous open letter to management

On June 30, 2011, an alleged anonymous senior RIM employee penned an open letter to the company's senior management. The writer's main objective was getting co-CEOs Mike Lazaridis and Jim Balsillie to seriously consider his or her suggestions and complaints on the current state and future direction of the company.^[150]

Service outages

On October 10, 2011, RIM experienced one of the worst service outages in the company's history. Tens of millions of BlackBerry users in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and North America were unable to receive or send emails and BBM messages through their phones.^[151] The outage was caused as a result of a core switch failure, "A transition to a back-up switch did not function as tested, causing a large backlog of data, RIM said."^[152] Service was restored Thursday October 13, with RIM announcing a $100 package of free premium apps for users and enterprise support extensions.^[153][154]

Government access to servers

After a four-year stand-off with the Indian government over access to RIM's secure networks, the company demonstrated a solution that can intercept messages and emails exchanged between BlackBerry handsets, and make these encrypted communications available to Indian security agencies.^[155]

References

Notes

Further reading

• Sweeny, Alastair (2009). BlackBerry planet : the story of Research in Motion and the little device that took the world by storm. John Wiley & Sons Canada. ISBN 978-0-470-15940-8 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blackberry (company).

• Official website
• BlackBerry Ltd on the Open Directory Project
• BlackBerry company profile at Google Finance

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