Bit rate

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Bit rates
Name	Symbol	Multiple
Decimal prefixes (SI)
kilobit per second	kbit/s	10³
megabit per second	Mbit/s	10⁶
gigabit per second	Gbit/s	10⁹
terabit per second	Tbit/s	10¹²
Binary prefixes (IEC 60027-2)
kibibit per second	Kibit/s	2¹⁰
mebibit per second	Mibit/s	2²⁰
gibibit per second	Gibit/s	2³⁰
tebibit per second	Tibit/s	2⁴⁰

In telecommunications and computing, bit rate (sometimes written bitrate or as a variable R^[1]) is the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time.

The bit rate is quantified using the bits per second (bit/s or bps) unit, often in conjunction with an SI prefix such as kilo- (kbit/s or kbps), mega- (Mbit/s or Mbps), giga- (Gbit/s or Gbps) or tera- (Tbit/s or Tbps). Note that, unlike many other computer-related units, 1 kbit/s is traditionally defined as 1,000 bit/s, not 1,024 bit/s, etc., also before 1999 when SI prefixes were introduced for units of information in the standard IEC 60027-2.^[2] Uppercase K as in Kbit/s or Kbps should never be used.^{[citation needed]}

The symbol for "bits per second" is "bit/s" (not "bits/s", according to the writing style for SI units). In less formal contexts the abbreviations "b/s" or "bps" are sometimes used, though this risks confusion with "bytes per second" ("B/s", "Bps"), and the use of the abbreviation ps is also inconsistent with the SI symbol for picosecond.

One byte per second (1 B/s) corresponds to 8 bit/s.

Protocol layers

Gross bit rate

In digital communication systems, the physical layer gross bitrate,^[3] raw bitrate,^[4] data signaling rate,^[5] gross data transfer rate^[6] or uncoded transmission rate^[4] (sometimes written as a variable R_b^[3]^[4] or f_b^[7]) is the total number of physically transferred bits per second over a communication link, including useful data as well as protocol overhead.

In case of serial communications, the gross bit rate is related to the bit transmission time $T_{b}$ as:

$R_{b}={1 \over T_{b}},$

The gross bit rate is related to, but should not be confused with, the symbol rate or modulation rate in baud, symbols/s or pulses/s. Gross bit rate happens to equal "baud" only when there are two levels per symbol, representing 0 and 1 respectively, meaning that each symbol of a data transmission system carries exactly one bit of data; something not true for modern modem modulation systems and modern LANs, for example.^[8]

For most line codes and modulation methods:

Symbol rate ≤ Gross bit rate

More specifically, a line code (or baseband transmission scheme) representing the data using pulse-amplitude modulation with 2^N different voltage levels, can transfer N bit/pulse. A digital modulation method (or passband transmission scheme) using 2^N different symbols, for example 2^N amplitudes, phases or frequencies, can transfer N bit/symbol. This results in:

Gross bit rate = Symbol rate · N

An exception from the above is some self-synchronizing line codes, for example Manchester coding and return-to-zero (RTZ) coding, where each bit is represented by two pulses (signal states), resulting in:

Gross bit rate = Symbol rate/2

A theoretical upper bound for the symbol rate in baud, symbols/s or pulses/s for a certain spectral bandwidth in hertz is given by the Nyquist law:

Symbol rate ≤ Nyquist rate = 2 · bandwidth

In practice this upper bound can only be approached for line coding schemes and for so-called vestigal sideband digital modulation. Most other digital carrier-modulated schemes, for example ASK, PSK, QAM and OFDM, can be characterized as double sideband modulation, resulting in the following relation:

Symbol rate ≤ Bandwidth

In case of parallel communication, the gross bit rate is given by

$\sum _{{i=1}}^{{n}}{\frac {\log _{2}{M_{i}}}{T_{i}}}$

where n is the number of parallel channels, M_i is the number of symbols or levels of the modulation in the i-th channel, and T_i is the symbol duration time, expressed in seconds, for the i-th channel.

Information rate

The physical layer net bitrate,^[9] information rate,^[3] useful bit rate,^[10] payload rate,^[11] net data transfer rate,^[6] coded transmission rate,^[4] effective data rate^[4] or wire speed (informal language) of a digital communication channel is the capacity excluding the physical layer protocol overhead, for example time division multiplex (TDM) framing bits, redundant forward error correction (FEC) codes, equalizer training symbols and other channel coding. Error-correcting codes are common especially in wireless communication systems, broadband modem standards and modern copper-based high-speed LANs. The physical layer net bitrate is the datarate measured at a reference point in the interface between the datalink layer and physical layer, and may consequently include data link and higher layer overhead.

In modems and wireless systems, link adaptation (automatic adaption of the data rate and the modulation and/or error coding scheme to the signal quality) is often applied. In that context, the term peak bitrate denotes the net bitrate of the fastest and least robust transmission mode, used for example when the distance is very short between sender and transmitter.^[12] Some operating systems and network equipment may detect the "connection speed"^[13] (informal language) of a network access technology or communication device, implying the current net bit rate. Note that the term line rate in some textbooks is defined as gross bit rate,^[11] in others as net bit rate.

The relationship between the gross bit rate and net bit rate is affected by the FEC code rate according to the following.

Net bit rate ≤ Gross bit rate · code rate

The connection speed of a technology that involves forward error correction typically refers to the physical layer net bit rate in accordance with the above definition.

For example, the net bitrate (and thus the "connection speed") of an IEEE 802.11a wireless network is the net bit rate of between 6 and 54 Mbit/s, while the gross bit rate is between 12 and 72 Mbit/s inclusive of error-correcting codes.

The net bit rate of ISDN2 Basic Rate Interface (2 B-channels + 1 D-channel) of 64+64+16 = 144 kbit/s also refers to the payload data rates, while the D channel signalling rate is 16 kbit/s.

The net bit rate of the Ethernet 100Base-TX physical layer standard is 100 Mbit/s, while the gross bitrate is 125 Mbit/second, due to the 4B5B (four bit over five bit) encoding. In this case, the gross bit rate is equal to the symbol rate or pulse rate of 125 Mbaud, due to the NRZI line code.

In communications technologies without forward error correction and other physical layer protocol overhead, there is no distinction between gross bit rate and physical layer net bit rate. For example, the net as well as gross bit rate of Ethernet 10Base-T is 10 Mbit/s. Due to the Manchester line code, each bit is represented by two pulses, resulting in a pulse rate of 20 Mbaud.

The "connection speed" of a V.92 voiceband modem typically refers to the gross bit rate, since there is no additional error-correction code. It can be up to 56,000 bit/s downstreams and 48,000 bit/s upstreams. A lower bit rate may be chosen during the connection establishment phase due to adaptive modulation - slower but more robust modulation schemes are chosen in case of poor signal-to-noise ratio. Due to data compression, the actual data transmission rate or throughput (see below) may be higher.

The channel capacity, also known as the Shannon capacity, is a theoretical upper bound for the maximum net bitrate, exclusive of forward error correction coding, that is possible without bit errors for a certain physical analog node-to-node communication link.

Net bit rate ≤ Channel capacity

The channel capacity is proportional to the analog bandwidth in hertz. This proportionality is called Hartley's law. Consequently the net bit rate is sometimes called digital bandwidth capacity in bit/s.

Network throughput

Main article: Throughput

The term throughput, essentially the same thing as digital bandwidth consumption, denotes the achieved average useful bit rate in a computer network over a logical or physical communication link or through a network node, typically measured at a reference point above the datalink layer. This implies that the throughput often excludes data link layer protocol overhead. The throughput is affected by the traffic load from the data source in question, as well as from other sources sharing the same network resources. See also Measuring network throughput.

Goodput (data transfer rate)

Main article: Goodput

Goodput or data transfer rate refers to the achieved average net bit rate that is delivered to the application layer, exclusive of all protocol overhead, data packets retransmissions, etc. For example, in the case of file transfer, the goodput corresponds to the achieved file transfer rate. The file transfer rate in bit/s can be calculated as the file size (in bytes) divided by the file transfer time (in seconds) and multiplied by eight.

As an example, the goodput or data transfer rate of a V.92 voiceband modem is affected by the modem physical layer and data link layer protocols. It is sometimes higher than the physical layer data rate due to V.44 data compression, and sometimes lower due to bit-errors and automatic repeat request retransmissions.

If no data compression is provided by the network equipment or protocols, we have the following relation:

Goodput ≤ Throughput ≤ Maximum throughput ≤ Net bit rate

for a certain communication path.

Multimedia encoding

In digital multimedia, bit rate often refers to the number of bits used per unit of playback time to represent a continuous medium such as audio or video after source coding (data compression). The encoding bit rate of a multimedia file is the size of a multimedia file in bytes divided by the playback time of the recording (in seconds), multiplied by eight.

For realtime streaming multimedia, the encoding bit rate is the goodput that is required to avoid interrupt:

Encoding bit rate = Required goodput

The term average bitrate is used in case of variable bitrate multimedia source coding schemes. In this context, the peak bit rate is the maximum number of bits required for any short-term block of compressed data.^[14]

A theoretical lower bound for the encoding bit rate for lossless data compression is the source information rate, also known as the entropy rate.

Entropy rate ≤ Multimedia bit rate

Prefixes

When quantifying large bit rates, SI prefixes (also known as Metric prefixes or Decimal prefixes) are used, thus:

1,000 bit/s	rate = 1 kbit/s (one kilobit or one thousand bits per second)
1,000,000 bit/s	rate = 1 Mbit/s (one megabit or one million bits per second)
1,000,000,000 bit/s	rate = 1 Gbit/s (one gigabit or one billion bits per second)

Binary prefixes have almost never been used for bit rates, although they may occasionally be seen when data rates are expressed in bytes per second (e.g. 1 kByte/s is sometimes interpreted as 1000 byte/s, sometimes as 1024 byte/s). A 1999 IEC standard (IEC 60027-2) specifies different abbreviations for binary and decimal (SI) prefixes (e.g. 1 KiB/s = 1024 byte/s = 8192 bit/s, and 1 MiB/s = 1024 KiB/s), but these are still not very common in the literature, and therefore sometimes it is necessary to seek clarification of the units used in a particular context.

Progress trends

These are examples of physical layer net bit rates in proposed communication standard interfaces and devices:

WAN modems	Ethernet LAN	WiFi WLAN	Mobile data
1972: Acoustic coupler 300 baud 1977: 1200 baud Vadic and Bell 212A 1986: ISDN introduced with two 64 kbit/s channels (144 kbit/s gross bit rate) 1990: V.32bis modems: 2400 / 4800 / 9600 / 19200 bit/s 1994: V.34 modems with 28.8 kbit/s 1995: V.90 modems with 56 kbit/s downstreams, 33.6 kbit/s upstreams 1999: V.92 modems with 56 kbit/s downstreams, 48 kbit/s upstreams 1998: ADSL up to 8 Mbit/s, 2003: ADSL2 up to 12 Mbit/s 2005: ADSL2+ up to 24 Mbit/s 2005: VDSL2 up to 200 Mbit/s	1975: Experimental 2.94 Mbit/s 1981: 10 Mbit/s 10BASE5 (coax) 1990: 10 Mbit/s 10BASE-T (twisted pair) 1995: 100 Mbit/s Fast Ethernet 1999: Gigabit Ethernet 2003: 10 Gigabit Ethernet 2010: 100 Gigabit Ethernet	1997: 802.11 2 Mbit/s 1999: 802.11b 11 Mbit/s 1999: 802.11a 54 Mbit/s 2003: 802.11g 54 Mbit/s 2007: 802.11n 600 Mbit/s 2012: 802.11ac ~1000 Mbit/s	1G: 1981: NMT 1200 bit/s 2G: 1991: GSM CSD and D-AMPS 14.4 kbit/s 2003: GSM EDGE 296 kbit/s down, 118.4 kbit/s up 3G: 2001: UMTS-FDD (WCDMA) 384 kbit/s 2007: UMTS HSDPA 14.4 Mbit/s 2008: UMTS HSPA 14.4 Mbit/s down, 5.76 Mbit/s up 2009: HSPA+ (Without MIMO) 28 Mbit/s downstreams (56 Mbit/s with 2x2 MIMO), 22 Mbit/s upstreams 2010: CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev. B 14.7 Mbit/s downstreams 2011: HSPA+ accelerated (With MIMO) 42 Mbit/s downstreams Pre-4G: 2007: Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) 144 Mbit/s down, 35 Mbit/s up. 2009: LTE 100 Mbit/s downstreams (360 Mbit/s with MIMO 2x2), 50 Mbit/s upstreams See also Comparison of mobile phone standards

For more examples, see List of device bit rates, Spectral efficiency comparison table and OFDM system comparison table.

Multimedia

In digital multimedia, bitrate represents the amount of information, or detail, that is stored per unit of time of a recording. The bitrate depends on several factors:

The original material may be sampled at different frequencies.
The samples may use different numbers of bits.
The data may be encoded by different schemes.
The information may be digitally compressed by different algorithms or to different degrees.

Generally, choices are made about the above factors in order to achieve the desired trade-off between minimizing the bitrate and maximizing the quality of the material when it is played.

If lossy data compression is used on audio or visual data, differences from the original signal will be introduced; if the compression is substantial, or lossy data is decompressed and recompressed, this may become noticeable in the form of compression artifacts. Whether these affect the perceived quality, and if so how much, depends on the compression scheme, encoder power, the characteristics of the input data, the listener’s perceptions, the listener's familiarity with artifacts, and the listening or viewing environment.

The bitrates in this section are approximately the minimum that the average listener in a typical listening or viewing environment, when using the best available compression, would perceive as not significantly worse than the reference standard:

Audio

CD-DA

CD-DA, the standard audio CD, is said to have a data rate of 44.1 kHz/16, meaning that the audio data was sampled 44,100 times per second and with a bit depth of 16. CD-DA is also stereo, using a left and right channel, so the amount of audio data per second is double that of mono, where only a single channel is used.

The bit rate of PCM audio data can be calculated with the following formula:

$bit\ rate=sample\ rate\times bit\ depth\times channels$

For example, the bit rate of a CD-DA recording (44.1 kHz sampling rate, 16 bits per sample and 2 channels) can be calculated as follows:

$44,100\times 16\times 2=1,411,200\ {\mathrm {bit/s}}=1,411.2\ {\mathrm {kbit/s}}$

The cumulative size of a length of PCM audio data (excluding a file header or other metadata) can be calculated using the following formula:

$size\ in\ bits=sample\ rate\times bit\ depth\times channels\times length\ of\ time$

The cumulative size in bytes can be found by dividing the file size in bits by the number of bits in a byte, which is 8:

$size\ in\ bytes={\frac {size\ in\ bits}{8}}$

Therefore, 80 minutes (4,800 seconds) of CD-DA data requires 846,720,000 bytes of storage:

${\frac {44,100\times 16\times 2\times 4,800}{8}}=846,720,000\ {\mathrm {bytes}}\approx 847\ {\mathrm {MB}}$

MP3

The MP3 audio format lossy data compression. Audio quality improves with increasing bitrate:

32 kbit/s – generally acceptable only for speech
96 kbit/s – generally used for speech or low-quality streaming
128 or 160 kbit/s – mid-range bitrate quality
192 kbit/s – a commonly used high-quality bitrate
320 kbit/s – highest level supported by MP3 standard

Other audio

800 bit/s – minimum necessary for recognizable speech, using the special-purpose FS-1015 speech codecs.
1400 bit/s – lowest bitrate open-source speech codec Codec2.^[15]
2.15 kbit/s – minimum bitrate available through the open-source Speex codec.
8 kbit/s – telephone quality using speech codecs.
32-500 kbit/s – lossy audio as used in Ogg Vorbis.
256 kbit/s – Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB.) MP2 bit rate required to achieve a high quality signal.^[16]
400 kbit/s–1,411 kbit/s – lossless audio as used in formats such as Free Lossless Audio Codec, WavPack, or Monkey's Audio to compress CD audio.
1,411.2 kbit/s – Linear PCM sound format of CD-DA.
5,644.8 kbit/s – DSD, which is a trademarked implementation of PDM sound format used on Super Audio CD.^[17]
6.144 Mbit/s – E-AC-3 (Dolby Digital Plus), which is an enhanced coding system based on the AC-3 codec.
18 Mbit/s – advanced lossless audio codec based on Meridian Lossless Packing.

Video

16 kbit/s – videophone quality (minimum necessary for a consumer-acceptable "talking head" picture using various video compression schemes)
128–384 kbit/s – business-oriented videoconferencing quality using video compression
1.15 Mbit/s max – VCD quality (using MPEG1 compression)^[18]
3.5 Mbit/s typ – Standard-definition television quality (with bit-rate reduction from MPEG-2 compression)
9.8 Mbit/s max – DVD (using MPEG2 compression)^[19]
8 to 15 Mbit/s typ – HDTV quality (with bit-rate reduction from MPEG-4 AVC compression)
19 Mbit/s approximate – HDV 720p (using MPEG2 compression)^[20]
24 Mbit/s max – AVCHD (using MPEG4 AVC compression)^[21]
25 Mbit/s approximate – HDV 1080i (using MPEG2 compression)^[20]
29.4 Mbit/s max – HD DVD
40 Mbit/s max – Blu-ray Disc (using MPEG2, AVC or VC-1 compression)^[22]

Notes

For technical reasons (hardware/software protocols, overheads, encoding schemes, etc.) the actual bit rates used by some of the compared-to devices may be significantly higher than what is listed above. For example:

Telephone circuits using µlaw or A-law companding (pulse code modulation) – 64 kbit/s
CDs using CD-DA PCM – 1.4 Mbit/s

References

↑ Gupta, Prakash C (2006). Data Communications and Computer Networks. PHI Learning. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
↑ International Electrotechnical Commission (2007). "Prefixes for binary multiples". Retrieved 2014-02-04.
↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Guimarães, Dayan Adionel (2009). "section 8.1.1.3 Gross Bit Rate and Information Rate". Digital Transmission: A Simulation-Aided Introduction with VisSim/Comm. Spinger. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Kaveh Pahlavan, Prashant Krishnamurthy (2009). Networking Fundamentals. John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
↑ Network Dictionary. Javvin Technologies. 2007. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
↑ 6.0 6.1 Harte, Lawrence; Kikta, Roman; Levine, Richard (2002). 3G wireless demystified. McGraw-Hill Professional. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
↑ J.S. Chitode (2008). Principles of Digital Communication. Technical Publication. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
↑ Lou Frenzel. "What’s The Difference Between Bit Rate And Baud Rate?". Electronic Design. 2012.
↑ Theodory S. Rappaport, Wireless communications: principles and practice, Prentice Hall PTR, 2002
↑ Lajos Hanzo, Peter J. Cherriman, Jürgen Streit, Video compression and communications: from basics to H.261, H.263, H.264, MPEG4 for DVB and HSDPA-style adaptive turbo-transceivers, Wiley-IEEE, 2007.
↑ 11.0 11.1 V.S.Bagad, I.A.Dhotre, Data Communication Systems, Technical Publications, 2009.
↑ Sudhir Dixit, Ramjee Prasad Wireless IP and building the mobile Internet, Artech House
↑ Guy Hart-Davis,Mastering Microsoft Windows Vista home: premium and basic, John Wiley and Sons, 2007
↑ Khalid Sayood, Lossless compression handbook, Academic Press, 2003.
↑ "Codec2 at 1400 bits/s". David Rowe. Retrieved 2011-11-22.
↑ Page 26 of BBC R&D White Paper WHP 061 June 2003, DAB: An introduction to the DAB Eureka system and how it works http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/whp/whp-pdf-files/WHP061.pdf
↑ Extremetech.com, Leslie Shapiro, 2 July 2001. Surround Sound: The High-End: SACD and DVD-Audio. Retrieved 19 May 2010. 2 channels, 1-bit, 2822.4 kHz DSD audio (2x1x2,822,400)= 5,644,800 bits/s
↑ "MPEG1 Specifications". UK: ICDia. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
↑ "DVD-MPEG differences". Sourceforge. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
↑ 20.0 20.1 HDV Specifications (PDF), HDV Information .
↑ "Avchd Information". AVCHD Info. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
↑ "3.3 Video Streams" (PDF), Blu-ray Disc Format 2.B Audio Visual Application Format Specifications for BD-ROM Version 2.4 (white paper), May 2010, p. 17 .

This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document "Federal Standard 1037C" (in support of MIL-STD-188).

External links

DVD-HQ bit rate calculator Calculate bit rate for various types of digital video media.
Maximum PC - Do Higher MP3 Bit Rates Pay Off?

Data compression methods

Information theory

Lossless

Entropy encoding	Unary Arithmetic Golomb Huffman Adaptive Canonical Modified Range Shannon–Fano Shannon–Fano–Elias Tunstall Universal Exp-Golomb Fibonacci Gamma Levenshtein

Dictionary	Byte pair encoding DEFLATE Lempel–Ziv LZ77 and LZ78 LZJB LZMA LZO LZRW LZS LZSS LZT LZW LZWL LZX LZ4 ROLZ Statistical Lempel Ziv RLE

Other methods	BWT CTW Delta DMC MTF PPM

Audio

Concepts	Bit rate ABR CBR VBR Companding Convolution Dynamic range Latency Nyquist–Shannon theorem Sampling Sound quality Speech coding Sub-band coding

Audio codec parts	A-law μ-law ACELP ADPCM CELP DPCM Fourier transform LPC LAR LSP MDCT Psychoacoustic model WLPC

Image

Concepts	Chroma subsampling Color space Compression artifact Image resolution Macroblock Pixel PSNR Quantization Standard test image

Methods	Chain code DCT EZW Fractal KLT LP RLE SPIHT Wavelet

Video

Concepts	Bit rate ABR CBR VBR Display resolution Frame Frame rate Frame types Interlace Uncompressed video Video characteristics Video quality

Video codec parts	DCT Deblocking filter Motion compensation

See Compression formats for formats and Compression software for codecs

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