Biodiversity and drugs

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Biodiversity plays vital roles in maintaining human and animal health. A wide variety of plants, animals and fungi are used as medicine, essential vitamins, painkillers etc. Natural products have been recognized and used as medicines by ancient cultures all around the world. Many animals are also known to self-medicate using plants and other materials available to them. More than 60% of the world population relies almost entirely on the plant medicine for primary health care.[1]

About 119 pure chemicals are extracted from less than 90 species of higher plants and used as medicines throughout the world, for example, caffeine, methyl salicylate and quinine.[2]

Antibiotics

Streptomycin, neomycin, and erythromycin are derived from tropical soil fungi.

Plant drugs

A lot of plant species are used in today's studies and have been exhaustively studied for their potential value as source of drugs. It is possible that some plant species may be a source of drugs against high blood pressure, AIDS or heart troubles.

In China, Japan, India and Germany, there is a great deal of interest in and support for the search for new drugs from higher plants.[2]

Rosy periwinkle

The rosy periwinkle is an excellent example of a plant used to treat human illness

The rosy periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus is a native Malagasy plant used as a folk medicine for treating diabetes. Research work isolated two products(Vinblastine and vincristine) from this plant which can treat childhood leukaemias. Survival rates from childhood leukaemias (such as Hodgkin's disease) have dramatically increased as a result of these drugs, which are much more efficacious than synthetic equivalents

Sweet wormwood

Each species carries unique genetic material in its DNA and in its chemical factory responding to these genetic instructions. For example, in the valleys of central China, a fernlike endangered weed called sweet wormwood grows, that is the only source of artemisinin, a drug that is nearly 100 percent effective against malaria. If this plant were lost to extinction, then the ability to control malaria, even today a potent killer, would diminish.

Zoopharmacognosy

Apes and monkeys are an example of animals using plants as medicine rather than food.
Main article: Zoopharmacognosy

Zoopharmacognosy is the study of how animals use plants, insects and other inorganic materials in self-medicatation. For example, apes have been observed selecting a particular part of a medicinal plant by taking off leaves, then breaking the stem to suck out the juice. [3] In an interview with the late Neil Campbell, Eloy Rodriguez describes the importance of biodiversity:

"Some of the compounds we've identified by zoopharmacognosy kill parasitic worms, and some of these chemicals may be useful against tumors. There is no question that the templates for most drugs are in the natural world." [3]

References

  1. ↑ Kevin J. Gaston & John I. Spicer. 2004. Biodiversity: an introduction, Blackwell Publishing. 2nd Ed. ISBN 1-4051-1857-1(pbk.)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 N.R. Farnsworth. Screening Plants for New Medicine. IN: E.O Wilson, editor. 1988. Biodiversity, Natrional Academy. ISBN 0-309-03783-2(pbk.)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Biology (4th edition) N.A.Campbell, p.23 'An Interview with Eloy Rodriguez' (Benjamin Cummings NY, 1996) ISBN 0-8053-1957-3
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