Bingel reaction
The Bingel reaction in fullerene chemistry is a fullerene cyclopropanation reaction to a methanofullerene first discovered by C. Bingel in 1993 with the bromo derivative of diethyl malonate in the presence of a base such as sodium hydride or DBU.[1] The preferred double bonds for this reaction on the fullerene surface are the shorter bonds at the junctions of two hexagons (6-6 bonds) and the driving force is relief of steric strain.
The reaction is of importance in the field of chemistry because it allows the introduction of useful extensions to the fullerene sphere. These extensions alter their properties, for instance solubility and electrochemical behavior, and therefore widen the range of potential technical applications.
Reaction mechanism
The reaction mechanism for this reaction is as follows: a base abstracts the acidic malonate proton generating a carbanion or enolate which reacts with the electron deficient fullerene double bond in a nucleophilic addition. This in turn generates a carbanion which displaces bromine in a nucleophilic aliphatic substitution in an intramolecular ring cyclopropane ring closure.
Scope
The Bingel reaction is a popular method in fullerene chemistry. The malonate (functionalized with the halide atom) is often obtained in situ in a mixture of base and tetrachloromethane or iodine.[2] The reaction is also known to take place with the ester groups replaced by alkyne groups in dialkynylmethanofullerenes.[2]
An alternative to the Bingel reaction is a fullerene diazomethane reaction. N-(Diphenylmethylene)glycinate Esters [3] in a Bingel reaction take a different conjugate course and react to a fullerene dihydropyrrole.
Retro-Bingel reaction
Protocols exist for the removal of the methano group based, on electrolytic reduction [4][5] or amalgamated magnesium [6]
References
- ↑ Bingel, Carsten (1993). "Cyclopropanierung von Fullerenen". Chemische Berichte 126 (8): 1957. doi:10.1002/cber.19931260829.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Yosuke Nakamura, Masato Suzuki, Yumi Imai, and Jun Nishimura (2004). "16". Org. Lett. 6 (16): 2797–2799. doi:10.1021/ol048952n. PMID 15281772.
- ↑ Graham E. Ball, Glenn A. Burley, Leila Chaker, Bill C. Hawkins, James R. Williams, Paul A. Keller, and Stephen G. Pyne (2005). "Structural Reassignment of the Mono- and Bis-Addition Products from the Addition Reactions of N-(Diphenylmethylene)glycinate Esters to [60]Fullerene under Bingel Conditions". J. Org. Chem. 70 (21): 8572–8574. doi:10.1021/jo051282u. PMID 16209611.
- ↑ Kessinger, Roland; Crassous, Jeanne; Herrmann, Andreas; Rüttimann, Markus; Echegoyen, Luis; Diederich, François (1998). "Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure C76 with a General Electrochemical Method for the Removal of Di(alkoxycarbonyl)methano Bridges from Methanofullerenes: The Retro-Bingel Reaction". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 37 (13-14): 1919. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980803)37:13/14<1919::AID-ANIE1919>3.0.CO;2-X.
- ↑ Herranz, M. ÁNgeles; Cox, Charles T.; Echegoyen, Luis (2003). "Retrocyclopropanation Reactions of Fullerenes: Complete Product Analyses". The Journal of Organic Chemistry 68 (12): 5009. doi:10.1021/jo034102u. PMID 12790625.
- ↑ Moonen, Nicolle N. P.; Thilgen, Carlo; Diederich, François; Echegoyen, Luis (2000). "The chemical retro-Bingel reaction: selective removal of bis(alkoxycarbonyl)methano addends from C60 and C70 with amalgamated magnesium". Chemical Communications (5): 335. doi:10.1039/a909704j.