Binary tetrahedral group

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In mathematics, the binary tetrahedral group, denoted 2T or ⟨2,3,3⟩ is a certain nonabelian group of order 24. It is an extension of the tetrahedral group T or (2,3,3) of order 12 by a cyclic group of order 2, and is the preimage of the tetrahedral group under the 2:1 covering homomorphism Spin(3) → SO(3) of the special orthogonal group by the spin group. It follows that the binary tetrahedral group is a discrete subgroup of Spin(3) of order 24.

The binary tetrahedral group is most easily described concretely as a discrete subgroup of the unit quaternions, under the isomorphism $\operatorname {Spin}(3)\cong \operatorname {Sp}(1)$ where Sp(1) is the multiplicative group of unit quaternions. (For a description of this homomorphism see the article on quaternions and spatial rotations.)

Elements

Explicitly, the binary tetrahedral group is given as the group of units in the ring of Hurwitz integers. There are 24 such units given by

$\{\pm 1,\pm i,\pm j,\pm k,{\tfrac {1}{2}}(\pm 1\pm i\pm j\pm k)\}$

with all possible sign combinations.

All 24 units have absolute value 1 and therefore lie in the unit quaternion group Sp(1). The convex hull of these 24 elements in 4-dimensional space form a convex regular 4-polytope called the 24-cell.

Properties

The binary tetrahedral group, denoted by 2T, fits into the short exact sequence

$1\to \{\pm 1\}\to 2T\to T\to 1.$

This sequence does not split, meaning that 2T is not a semidirect product of {±1} by T. In fact, there is no subgroup of 2T isomorphic to T.

The binary tetrahedral group is the covering group of the tetrahedral group. Thinking of the tetrahedral group as the alternating group on four letters, $T\cong A_{4},$ we thus have the binary tetrahedral group as the covering group, $2T\cong \widehat {A_{4}}.$

The center of 2T is the subgroup {±1}. The outer automorphism group is trivial, so that the inner automorphism group is isomorphic to the full automorphism group, which is the tetrahedral group T.

Left multiplication by −ω, an order-6 element: look at gray, blue, purple, and orange balls and arrows that constitute 4 orbits (two arrows are not depicted). ω itself is the bottommost ball: ω = (−ω)(−1) = (−ω)⁴

The binary tetrahedral group can be written as a semidirect product

$2T=Q\rtimes {\mathbb Z}_{3}$

where $Q$ is the quaternion group consisting of the 8 Lipschitz units and Z₃ is the cyclic group of order 3 generated by $ω = - 1 / 2 (1 + i + j + k)$ . The group Z₃ acts on the normal subgroup $Q$ by conjugation. Conjugation by $ω$ is the automorphism of Q that cyclically rotates $i$ , $j$ , and $k$ .

One can show that the binary tetrahedral group is isomorphic to the special linear group SL(2,3) – the group of all 2×2 matrices over the finite field F₃ with unit determinant, with this isomorphism covering the isomorphism of the projective special linear group PSL(2,3) with the alternating group A₄.

Presentation

The group 2T has a presentation given by

$\langle r,s,t\mid r^{2}=s^{3}=t^{3}=rst\rangle$

or equivalently,

$\langle s,t\mid (st)^{2}=s^{3}=t^{3}\rangle .$

Generators with these relations are given by

$s={\tfrac {1}{2}}(1+i+j+k)\qquad t={\tfrac {1}{2}}(1+i+j-k).$

Subgroups

The quaternion group consisting of the 8 Lipschitz units forms a normal subgroup of 2T of index 3. This group and the center {±1} are the only nontrivial normal subgroups.

All other subgroups of 2T are cyclic groups generated by the various elements, with orders 3, 4, and 6.

Higher dimensions

Just as the tetrahedral group generalizes to the rotational symmetry group of the n-simplex (as a subgroup of SO(n)), there is a corresponding higher binary group which is a 2-fold cover, coming from the cover Spin(n) → SO(n).

The rotational symmetry group of the n-simplex can be considered as the alternating group on n + 1 points, A_n+1, and the corresponding binary group is a 2-fold covering group. For all higher dimensions except A₆ and A₇ (corresponding to the 5-dimensional and 6-dimensional simplexes), this binary group is the covering group (maximal cover) and is superperfect, but for dimensional 5 and 6 there is an additional exceptional 3-fold cover, and the binary groups are not superperfect.

Usage in theoretical physics

The binary tetrahedral group was used in the context of Yang-Mills theory in 1956 by Chen Ning Yang and others.^[1] It was first used in flavor physics model building by Paul Frampton and Thomas Kephart in 1994.^[2] In 2012 it was shown ^[3] that a relation between two neutrino mixing angles, derived ^[4] by using this binary tetrahedral flavor symmetry, agrees with experiment.

Notes

↑ Case, E.M.; Robert Karplus, C.N. Yang (1956). "Strange Particles and the Conservation of Isotopic Spin". Physical Review 101: 874–876. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.101.874. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
↑ Frampton, Paul H.; Thomas W. Kephart (1995). "Simple Nonabelian Finite Flavor Groups and Fermion Masses". International Journal of Modern Physics A10: 4689–4704. arXiv:hep-ph/9409330. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
↑ Eby, David A.; Paul H. Frampton (2012). "Nonzero theta(13)signals nonmaximal atmospheric neutrino mixing". Physical Review D86: 117–304. arXiv:1112.2675. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
↑ Eby, David A.; Paul H. Frampton, Shinya Matsuzaki (2009). "Predictions for neutrino mixing angles in a T′ Model". Physics Letters B671: 386–390. arXiv:0801.4899. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

References

Conway, John H.; Smith, Derek A. (2003). On Quaternions and Octonions. Natick, Massachusetts: AK Peters, Ltd. ISBN 1-56881-134-9. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
Coxeter, H. S. M. and Moser, W. O. J. (1980). Generators and Relations for Discrete Groups, 4th edition. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-09212-9. 6.5 The binary polyhedral groups, p. 68

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