Beylik of Erzincan was a principality (Turkish: beylik) in East Anatolia, Turkey in the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries.
Background
After the battle of Kösedağ in 1243, Ilkhanid Mongols became the de facto rulers of Anatolia. However after Ilkhanids disintegrated in the fourteenth century, former generals and bureaucrats of Ilkhanids as well as tribes under Ilkhanid yoke decleared independence. The beylik of Erzincan was one of them.
Emergence of the beylik
Erzincan was an east frontier town of the beylik of Eretna. Pir Hüseyin, the governor of the city died in 1379 and a certain Mutaharten (also known as Trata or Tahirten) replaced him.[1] His origin is obscure. But probably he was of Uyghur origin and a relative of the bey of Eretnids.[2] (Uyghurs served as bureaucrats in Mongol states.) After the interregnum in Eretnids in 1380, he decleared independence.[3] However, after Kadi Burhanettin decleared himself as the ruler of the former Eretnid territory in 1381, Mutaherten saw himself in a difficult situation; for all of his neighbours, namely dominions of Burhanettin, Empire of Trebizond, Kingdom of Georgia, Sultanate of Akkoyunlu (White sheep Turkmens) etc. were more powerful than his small principality. So he adopted a policy of intrigue to protect the independency.
Mutaherten's last years
Burhanettin died in 1398. But Ottoman sultan Beyazit I annexed the former Eretnid territory to his realm and began threatening the beylik of Eretna. Timur’s invasion of Anatolia at the beginning of the fifteenth century was a brief period of relief for Mutaherten who readily accepted the suzerainty of Timur. But shortly after the Battle of Ankara in 1402, victorious Timur left Anatolia. The next year Mutaherten died.
Last years of the beylik
After his death the beylik ceased to play any role in the affairs of Anatolia. According to Clavijo a Spanish envoy to Timur, Mutaherten's nephew named Ali tried to succeed him. But Mutaherten's son (whose name is not known) was able to ascend to throne. In 1410, Şeyh Hasan, Mutaherten's grandson was the ruler of the city. But Kara Yusuf, the sultan of Kara Koyunlu, captured Erzincan and put an end to the beylik.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 History of Kemah district (Turkish)
- ↑
- ↑ Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi I, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 260-310
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| Palaces and Castles: | |
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| Külliye ("complexes") and dar al-shifa (hospitals) and medrese (schools) and mosques: | |
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| Caravanserais: |
- Ağzıkara Han caravanserai near Aksaray (1237)
- Ak Han caravanserai near Denizli (1254)
- Alaca Han caravanserai in Alacahan (~1280)
- Alara Han caravanserai near Manavgat
- Alay Han caravanserai near Aksaray (1190)
- Altınapa Han caravanserai between Beyşehir and Konya (1201)
- Angit Han caravanserai between Konya and Akşehir (1201)
- Burma Han caravanserai in Divriği (13th century)
- Çakallı Han caravanserai near Samsun (~1250)
- Çardak Han (Hanabad) caravanserai in Çardak (1230)
- Çay Han caravanserai in Çay (1279)
- Dokuzun Han caravanserai in Konya (1210)
- Eğirdir Han caravanserai in Eğirdir (1238)
- Ertokuş Han caravanserai near Eğirdir (1224)
- Eshab-i Kehf Han caravanserai near Afşin–Elbistan (~1225)
- Evdir Han caravanserai near Antalya (1224)
- Ezinepazar Han caravanserai near Amasya (1246)
- Goncalı Akhan caravanserai between Konya and Aksaray
- Hatun Han caravanserai between Amasya and Tokat
- Hekim Han caravanserai in Hekimhan (1220)
- Horozlu Han caravanserai near Konya (1249)
- Incir Han caravanserai near Bucak (1239)
- Kadın Han caravanserai in Kadınhanı (1223)
- Karatay Han caravanserai near Pınarbaşı (1241)
- Kargı Han caravanserai near Antalya (1246)
- Kesikköprü Han caravanserai near Kırşehir (1268)
- Kırkgöz Han caravanserai near Antalya (1246)
- Kızılören Han caravanserai near Konya (1206)
- Kuruçeşme Han caravanserai near Konya (1210)
- Melleç Han caravanserai near Anamur (13th century)
- Mirçinge Han caravanserai near Divriği (13th century)
- Obruk Han caravanserai near Konya (1230)
- Öresin Han caravanserai near Aksaray (~1275)
- Pazar Han caravanserai near Tokat (1239)
- Zazadın Han caravanserai near Konya (1236)
- Şarapsa Han caravanserai near Alanya (1246)
- Sarı Han caravanserai near Ürgüp (1249)
- Sevserek Han caravanserai between Malatya and Pötürge (13th century)
- Sultan Han caravanserai between Konya and Aksaray (1229)
- Sultan Han caravanserai near Bünyan between Kayseri and Sivas (1236)
- Susuz Han caravanserai near Bucak (1246)
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- Founder
- Sökmen el Kutbi
- Capital
- Ahlat
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Sökmen el Kutbi (1100–1112)
- Ibrahim bin Sökmen (? - ?)
- Ahmed bin Ibrahim (? - ?)
- Sökmen the Second (1128–1185)
- Seyfeddin Begtimur (1185–1193)
- Aksungur (1193–1197)
- Muhammed bin Begtimur (1185–1207)
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| Important works: | |
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- Ancestors
- Eksük and his son Artuk, from Döğer Oghuz Türkmen clan
- Founder
- Muinüddin Sökmen Bey
- Capitals
- Three branches in Hasankeyf, Mardin and Harput
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| Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty: |
- Müinüddin Sökmen Bey (1102–1104)
- Sökmenli Ibrahim Bey (1104–1131)
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| Mardin Dynasty or Ilgazi Dynasty: |
- Necmeddin Ilgazi (1106–1122)
- Hüsameddin Timurtaş (1122–1154)
- Necmeddin Alp (1154–1176)
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| Harput Dynasty: |
- Belek Bey (1112–1124)
- Nureddin Muhammed (? - ?)
- Sökmen the Second (? - ?)
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| Important works: |
- Artuqid Palace in Diyarbakır
- Widescale extension of Diyarbakır City Walls
- Malabadi Bridge
- Hasankeyf Bridge
- Sökmenli Nasirüddevle Bîmaristan-ı Farukî Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Silvan (1108)
- Emineddin (brother of Ilgazi) Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Mardin (built between 1122)
- Great Mosque of Silvan
- Great Mosque of Mardin
- Older Great Mosque of Midyat (Cami-i Kebir)
- Great Mosque of Kızıltepe
- Great Mosque of Harput
- Artuqid Caravanserai in Mardin
- Ibrahim Shah Caravanserai near Keban between Elazığ and Çemişgezek
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| | | Chronology | |
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Danishmend Gazi (1071–1105)
- Emir Gazi Gümüştekin (1105–1134)
- Melik Mehmed (1134–1146)
- Yağıbasan (1146–1164)
- Melik Ismail (1164–1175)
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| Important works: |
- Great Mosque of Niksar
- Great Mosque of Kayseri
- Kayseri Kölük Mosque
- Danishmend Gazi Tomb (Melik Gazi Tomb) in Niksar
- Denishmend Melik Mehmed Gazi Tomb in Kayseri
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| Dynasty: |
- Mengücek Bey (1071–1118)
- Mengücekli Ishak Bey (1118–1120)
- 1120–1142
- Temporarily incorporated into the Beylik of Danishmends
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| Erzincan and Kemah Branch | |
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| Divriği Branch |
- Mengücekli Süleyman Shah (1142- ?)
- 1277
- Beylik destroyed by Abaka
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Saltuk Bey (1072–1102)
- Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım (1102 - ~1124)
- Ziyâüddin Gazi (~1124–1132)
- Izzeddin Saltuk (1132–1168)
- Nâsırüddin Muhammed (1168–1191)
- Mama Hatun (1191–1200)
- Melikshah bin Muhammed (1200–1202)
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| Important works: |
- Great Mosque of Erzurum
- Emir Saltuk Tomb in Erzurum
- Mama Hatun Caravanserai in Tercan
- Mama Hatun Tomb in Tercan
- Kale Mosque in Erzurum
- Erzurum Medical Center (Darüşşifa) (1147)
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- Founder
- Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey
- Capitals
- Birgi, later Ayasluğ
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| Dynasty: |
- Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey (1307–1334)
- Umur Beg (1334–1348)
- Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?)
- Aydınoğlu Isa Bey ( - 1390)
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| Events |
- 1390
- First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
- 1402–1414
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Aydınoğlu Musa Bey (1402–1403)
- Aydınoğlu Umur Bey the Second (1403–1405)
- İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey (1405–1425 with intervals)
- 1425
- Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
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| Important works: |
- Isabey Mosque in Selçuk (1375)
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| | | Chronology | |
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha (1309 - ~1340)
- Candaroğlu Ibrahim Bey (1340–1345)
- Candaroğlu Adil Bey (1340–1361)
- Celaleddin Bayezid (1361–1385)
- Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha the Second (1384–1392)
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| Sinop Dynasty or Isfendiyarid Dynasty : |
- Isfendiyar Bey (1385–1440)
- Taceddin Ibrahim Bey (1440–1443)
- Kemaleddin Ismail Bey (1443–1461)
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| Chronology |
- 1461
- Incorporation (by surrender) of Sinop branch into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Hüsamettin Çoban Bey (1309 - ?)
- Alp Yürek (? - ?)
- Muzafferüddin Yavlak Arslan (? - ?)
- Çobanoğlu Mahmud Bey (? - 1309)
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- Ancestor
- Hasan Dulkadir
- Founder
- Zeyneddin Karaca Bey
- Capital
- Elbistan
| | Chronology |
- 1443–1525
- Increasingly tributary and gradually incorporated into the Ottoman Empire
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Zeyneddin Karaca Bey (1348–1348)
- Dulkadiroğlu Halil Bey (1348–1386)
- Sûli Bey (1386–1396)
- Nâsıreddin Mehmed Bey (1396–1443)
- Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey (1443–1454)
- Melik Arslan (?-?)
- Shah Budak (?-1492)
- Şahsuvar (?-?)
- Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey (1492–1507)
- Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey (1507- ~1525)
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- Founder
- Eretna Bey, brother-in-law of the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia, Timurtash
- Capital
- Sivas, later Kayseri
| | Chronology |
- 1326
- Beylik replaced by Mehmed Bey's chancellor Kadı Burhaneddin
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Eretna Bey (1328–1352)
- Gıyasüddin Mehmed Bey (1352–1365)
- Alâeddin Ali Bey (1365–1380)
- Mehmed Bey the Second (1380–1381)
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| | | Chronology | |
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1288–1302)
- Eşrefoğlu Mehmed Bey (1302–1320)
- Eşrefoğlu Süleyman Bey the Second (1320–1326)
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| Important works: | |
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- Ancestor
- Kerimüddin Alişir
- Founder
- Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First
- Capital
- Kütahya
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| Dynasty: |
- Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First (1300–1340)
- Germiyanlı Mehmed Bey (1340–1361)
- Germiyanlı Süleyman Shah (1361–1387)
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| Chronology |
- 1390
- First period of incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I
- 1402–1414
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second (1402–1429)
- 1414
- Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty by Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second under Mehmed I
- 1429
- Second and last incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
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| | | Chronology |
- 1374
- Incorporation (by sale of territories) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I and also partially to Karamanid dynasty.
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey (~1280–1324)
- Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey (1324–1330)
- Hamidoğlu Necmeddin Ishak Bey (? - ?)
- Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey (? - ?)
- Hamidoğlu Hüsameddin Ilyas Bey (? - ?)
- Hamidoğlu Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey (? - 1391)
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| Dynasty: |
- Kerimeddin Karaman Bey (1256–1261)
- Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey (1261–1283)
- Güneri Bey (1283–1300)
- Bedreddin Mahmud Bey (1300–1308)
- Yahşı Han Bey (1308–1312)
- Bedreddin Ibrahim Bey (1312–1333)
- Alâeddin Halil Mirza Bey (1333–1348)
- Bedreddin Ibrahim Bey, 2nd reign (1348–1349)
- Fahreddin Ahmed Bey (1349–1350)
- Şemdeddin Bey the Second (1350–1351)
- Burhaneddin Musa Bey (1351–1356)
- Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1356–1357)
- Alâeddin Ali Bey (1357–1398)
- Nasreddin Mehmed Bey (1398–1399)
- Bengi Alâeddin Ali Bey (1418–1424)
- Damat Ibrahim Bey (1424–1464)
- Sultanzade Ishak Bey (1464)
- Sultanzade Pir Ahmed Bey (1464–1469)
- Karamanoğlu Kasım Bey (1469–1483)
- Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey (1483–1487)
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- Ancestor
- Melik Danişmend Gazi
- Founder
- Karesi Bey
- Capital
- Balıkesir
| | Chronology | |
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Karesi Bey (1307–1328)
- Demir Han (1328–1345)
- Yahşı Han (1328–1345)
- Süleyman Bey (1345–1360)
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- Ancestor
- Germiyanlı Ali Bey
- Founder
- Inanç Bey
- Capital
- Denizli
| | Chronology |
- 1368
- Re-incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Germiyan
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Inanç Bey (~1300 - ~1314)
- Murad Arslan (~1314 - ?)
- Inançoğlu Ishak Bey (? - ~1360)
- Süleyman Bey (1345–1368)
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- Founder
- Menteşe Bey
- Capitals
- Beçin castle and nearby Milas, later also Balat
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| Dynasty: |
- Menteşe Bey (~1261 - ~1282)
- Menteşeoğlu Mesud Bey (~1282 - ~1320)
- Menteşeoğlu Şücaüddin Orhan Bey (~1320 - ~1340)
- Menteşeoğlu Ibrahim Bey (~1340 - ~1360)
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| Chronology |
- 1360
- Division between the three sons of Menteşeoğlu Ibrahim Bey; Musa, Mehmed, Ahmed
- 1390
- First period of incorporation into the Ottoman Empire (by submission) under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
- 1402–1414
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Menteşeoğlu Ilyas Bey
- 1414
- Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty under Mehmed I
- 1424
- Second and last incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
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| | | Chronology | |
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Süleyman Pervâne (1261–1277)
- Pervâneoğlu Mehmed Bey (1277–1296)
- Pervâneoğlu Mesud Bey (1296–1300)
- Pervâneoğlu Gazi Çelebi (1300–1326)
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| | | Chronology |
- 1516
- Icorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Selim I
- 1516–1608
- Dynasty members as Beys of Ottoman sanjak of Adana until 1608.
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Ibrahim Bey (1344-?)
- Ahmed Bey (?-1416)
- Ibrahim Bey (1416–1417)
- Hamza Bey (1417–1427)
- Mehmed Bey (1427-?)
- Eyluk Bey (? - ?)
- Dündar Bey (? - ?)
- Omer Bey (?-1490)
- Giyas al-Din Halil Bey (1490–1511)
- Hahmud Bey (1511–1516)
- Selim Bey (?-?)
- Kubad Bey (1517-?)
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| | | Chronology |
- 1341
- Incorporation into the Beylik of Germiyan
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty |
- Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali (1275–1288) and sons
- Nusreddin Ahmed (1288–1341)
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| Important works: | |
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| | | Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty |
- Saruhan Bey (1302–1345)
- Fahreddin Ilyas Bey
- Muzafferuddin Ishak Bey ( -1388)
- Hızır Shah (1388–1390)
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| Chronology |
- 1390
- First period of incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
- 1402–1410
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Saruhanoğlu Orhan Bey (1402–1403)
- Hızır Shah (1403–1410)
- 1410
- Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Mehmed I
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| | | Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey (1301-?)
- Tekeoğlu Mehmud Bey (?-1327)
- Tekeoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?)
- Tekeoğlu Dadı Bey (?-?)
- Zincirkıran Mehmed Bey (~1360 - ~1375)
- Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (~1375–1390)
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| Chronology |
- 1390
- First period of incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
- 1402–1423
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (1402–1423)
- 1423
- Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
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| Muslim states | |
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| Christian states | |
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