Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins

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Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins
Born (1807-02-08)8 February 1807
London, United Kingdom
Died 27 January 1894(1894-01-27) (aged 86)
Nationality British
Field sculptor and natural history artist
Training St. Aloysius College
Awards Member of the Society of Arts
Fellow of the Linnean Society
Fellow of the Geological Society of London

Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins (8 February 1807 – 27 January 1894) was an English sculptor and natural history artist renowned for his work on the life-size models of dinosaurs in the Crystal Palace Park in south London. The models, accurately made using the latest scientific knowledge, created a sensation at the time. Hawkins was also a noted lecturer on zoological topics.

Education and early career

Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins was born in Bloomsbury, London on 8 February 1807, the son of Thomas Hawkins, an artist, and Louisa Anne Waterhouse, the daughter of a Jamaica plantation family of apparent Catholic sympathies. He studied at St. Aloysius College, and learned sculpture from William Behnes. At the age of 20, he began to study natural history and later geology. He contributed illustrations to The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle. During the 1840s, he produced studies of living animals in Knowsley Park, near Liverpool for Edward Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby. The park was one of the largest private menageries in Victorian England and Hawkins' work was later published with John Edward Gray's text as "Gleanings from the Menagerie at Knowsley" . Over the same period Hawkins exhibited four sculptures at the Royal Academy between 1847 and 1849, and was elected a member of the Society of Arts in 1846 and a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1847. Fellowship of the Geological Society of London followed in 1854.

Great Exhibition

Further information: Crystal Palace Dinosaurs

Meanwhile, possibly due to Derby's connections, Hawkins was appointed assistant superintendent of the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London. The following year (1852), he was appointed by the Crystal Palace company to create 33 life-size concrete models of extinct dinosaurs to be placed in the south London park to which the great glass exhibition hall was to be relocated. In this work, which took some three years, he collaborated with Sir Richard Owen and other leading scientific figures of the time: Owen estimated the size and overall shape of the animals, leaving Hawkins to sculpt the models according to Owen's directions.[1] Although it is often claimed that a dinner was held inside the Iguanodon, in fact the dinner was held inside the mold that was used to make the large sculpture. Nonetheless, the dinner party, hosted by Owen on 31 December 1853, garnered attention in the press. Most of the sculptures are still on display at Sydenham Crystal Palace Park.

United States

Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins' mounted Hadrosaurus, the first mounted dinosaur skeleton in the world[1]

In 1868, he traveled to America to deliver a series of lectures. Working with the scientist Joseph Leidy, Hawkins designed and cast an almost complete skeleton of Hadrosaurus foulkii which was then displayed at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. Supported on an iron framework in a lifelike pose, this was the world's first mounted dinosaur skeleton.

Hawkins was later commissioned to produce models for New York City's Central Park museum similar to these he had created in Sydenham. He established a studio on the modern site of the American Museum of Natural History in Manhattan, and planned to create a Paleozoic Museum. However, the corrupt local politics of William M. "Boss" Tweed intervened, the project was shelved in 1870, and the models that Hawkins had created were said to have been buried in the south part, probably not far from Umpire Rock and the Heckscher ballfields, in Central Park. Hawkins then turned to dinosaur skeleton reconstruction work at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. He returned to England in 1874, but almost immediately returned, doing dinosaur reconstructions at Princeton University (then called the College of New Jersey) in Princeton, New Jersey, (where he also created paintings of dinosaurs). These paintings remain in the collection of the Princeton University Art Museum. Hawkins also worked at the Centennial Exhibition of 1876 in Philadelphia. He again returned to Britain in 1878.

Family and death

Hawkins had married in 1826 to Mary Selina Green, and by her had six children, one of whom died in infancy. In 1835, he met and fell in love with artist Frances 'Louisa' Keenan, and the next year he left his family and bigamously married her. He kept in touch with Mary and her children, but lived with Louisa, having two additional daughters. On his 1874 return to England, he seems to have become estranged from Louisa. He was living with his son by Mary, amidst what he described a "climax of domestic troubles" thought to indicate that Louisa had finally learned that their 38-year marriage had been invalid, and this may have led to his precipitous return to America in 1875. After his second return, he moved to West Brompton to be near his first wife, Mary, who was ill. Mary died in 1880. In 1883, Hawkins again married Louisa, although since they were not cohabitants at the time this was probably done for legalistic reasons (to legitimize their children), and they apparently never reconciled before her death the next year. Hawkins suffered a debilitating stroke in 1889, leading to erroneous reports of his death, and finally died on 27 January 1894.

Legacy

Robert J. Sawyer's 1994 novel End of an Era mentions the famous New Year's Eve 1853 dinner party inside the Iguanodon, citing both Hawkins and Sir Richard Owen by name.[2]

In 2001, The Dinosaurs of Waterhouse Hawkins, a children's biography of Hawkins written by Barbara Kerley and illustrated by Brian Selznick, won a Caldecott Honor.

Gallery

  • Porcine Deer (Axis porcinus) from Knowsley Park

  • Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins' studio in Sydenham, where he made the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs.

  • Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins' studio at the Central Park Arsenal, with models of extinct animals

Further reading

  • Bramwell, Valerie and Peck, Robert M., All in the Bones: A Biography of Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins.
  • Kerley, Barbara. The Dinosaurs of Waterhouse Hawkins: An Illuminating History of Mr. Waterhouse Hawkins, Artist and Lecturer Illustrated by Brian Selznick. The design of this juvenile biography is based on Hawkins' own album, currently held in the Ewell Sale Stewart Library at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University in Philadelphia.
  • Goldman, David. "Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins and his New York City Paleozoic Museum." Prehistoric Times Magazine Dec/Jan 2003.
  • Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century British Scientists, University of Chicago Press. Entry on Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins by Carla Yanni

References

  1. ↑ Natural History Museum biographies Richard Owen
  2. ↑ Sawyer, Robert J. (1994). End of an Era. New York: TOR. p. 119. ISBN 0-312-87693-9. "Paleontology has a long history of famous meals. On New Year's Eve, 1853, Sir Richard Owen hosted a dinner for twenty fossil experts inside a life-size reconstruction of Iguanodon made under his direction by Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins." 

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