Bed load
The term bed load or bedload describes particles in a flowing fluid (usually water) that are transported along the bed. Bed load is complementary to suspended load and wash load.
Bed load moves by rolling, sliding, and/or saltating (hopping).
Generally, bed load downstream will be smaller and more rounded than bed load upstream (a process known as downstream fining). This is due in part to attrition and abrasion which results from the stones colliding with each other and against the river channel, thus removing the rough texture (rounding) and reducing the size of the particles. However, selective transport of sediments also plays a role in relation to downstream fining: smaller-than average particles are more easily entrained than larger-than average particles, since the shear stress required to entrain a grain is linearly proportional to the diameter of the grain. However, the degree of size selectivity is restricted by the hiding effect described by Parker and Klingeman (1982), wherein larger particles protrude from the bed whereas small particles are shielded and hidden by larger particles, with the result that nearly all grain sizes become entrained at nearly the same shear stress.
References
- Waugh, D. "The New Wider World", Cheltenham: Nelson Thorns Ltd, 2003.
- Ashworth, P.J and Ferguson, R.I (1989) Size-selective entrainment of Bed Load in Gravel Bed Streams, Water Resources Research, Vol 25 (4): 627-634
- Komar, P.D. (1987) Selective gravel entrainment and the empirical evaluation of flow competence, Sedimentology, Vol 34 (6): 1165–1176
- Parker, G. and Klingeman, P.C. (1982) On why gravel bed streams are paved, Water Resources Research, Vol 18 (5): 1409-1423
- Parker, G. and Toro-Escobar, C.M. (2002) Equal mobility of gravel in streams: The remains of the day, Water Resources Research, Vol 38 (1264), doi:10.1029/2001WR000669