Batrachia
| Batrachia Temporal range: Early Triassic – Holocene, 250–0Ma | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Splendid Tree Frog (Litoria splendida) | |
 | |
| Fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | "Amphibia" (wide sense) |
| Clade: | Lissamphibia |
| Superorder: | Batrachia Latreille, 1800 |
| Orders | |
|
Anura | |
Batrachia is a clade of amphibians that includes frogs and salamanders, as well as the extinct allocaudates, but not caecilians. The name Batrachia was first used by French zoologist Pierre André Latreille in 1800 to refer to frogs, but has more recently been defined in a phylogenetic sense as a node-based taxon that includes the last common ancestor of frogs and salamanders and all of its descendants. The idea that frogs and salamanders are more closely related to each other than either is to caecilians is strongly supported by morphological and molecular evidence, but an alternative hypothesis exists in which salamanders and caecilians are each other's closest relatives as part of a clade called Procera, with frogs positioned as the sister taxon of this group.[1]
Origins
The earliest batrachians are the stem-frogs Triadobatrachus and Czatkobatrachus from the Early Triassic, about 250 million years ago. However, several molecular clock estimates place the first appearance of Batrachia (the time at which frog and salamander lineages diverged from each other) before the Early Triassic. Most estimates place the divergence in the Permian[2] but some put it as far back as 367 million years ago in the Late Devonian.[3] However, there is no evidence of lissamphibians or lissamphibian-like animals in the fossil record at this time. The tetrapod groups that are hypothesized as ancestors of modern amphibians (lepospondyls and amphibamid temnospondyls) appear in the Late Carboniferous, roughly 300 million years ago. Large fossil tetrapod assemblages are known from the Artinskian stage of the Early Permian about 275 million years ago and contain no lissamphibians, suggesting that the Early Permian may be an upper bound for the age of Batrachia.[4]
References
- ↑ Marjanović, D.; Laurin, M. (2013). "The origin(s) of extant amphibians: A review with emphasis on the "lepospondyl hypothesis"". Geodiversitas 35: 207. doi:10.5252/g2013n1a8.
- ↑ Pyron, R. A. (2011). "Divergence Time Estimation Using Fossils as Terminal Taxa and the Origins of Lissamphibia". Systematic Biology 60 (4): 466–481. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr047. PMID 21540408.
- ↑ Inoue, J.; Donoghue, P. C. J.; Yang, Z. (2009). "The Impact of the Representation of Fossil Calibrations on Bayesian Estimation of Species Divergence Times". Systematic Biology 59 (1): 74–89. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp078. PMID 20525621.
- ↑ Marjanovic, D.; Laurin, M. (2007). "Fossils, Molecules, Divergence Times, and the Origin of Lissamphibians". Systematic Biology 56 (3): 369–388. doi:10.1080/10635150701397635. PMID 17520502.