Bashi-bazouk

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For other uses, see Bashi-bazouk (disambiguation).
Bashi-Bazouk Chieftain by Jean-Léon Gérôme, French. Oil, 1881

A bashi-bazouk or bashibazouk (Turkish başıbozuk, or delibaş, literally "damaged head", meaning "free headed", "leaderless", "disorderly") was an irregular soldier of the Ottoman army. They were particularly noted for their lack of discipline.

Irregulars

The Bulgarian martyresses by Konstantin Makovsky, a painting depicting the rape of Bulgarian women by the Bashi-bazouk during the April Uprising.[1][2] Unrestrained by the regulations that governed regular soldiers in the army, they became notorious for preying on civilians.[3]

Although Turkish armies always contained bashi-bazouk adventurers as well as regular soldiers, the strain on the Ottoman feudal system caused mainly by the Empire's wide expanse required heavier reliance on irregular soldiers. They were armed and maintained by the government, but did not receive pay and did not wear uniforms or distinctive badges. They were motivated to fight mostly by expectations of plunder.[4] Though the majority of troops fought on foot, some troops (called akinci) rode on horseback. Because of their lack of discipline, they were incapable of undertaking major military operations, but were useful for other tasks such as reconnaissance and outpost duty. However, their uncertain temper occasionally made it necessary for the Turkish regular troops to disarm them by force.[3]

The Ottoman army consisted of the following:

  • The Sultan's household troops, called Kapıkulu, which were salaried, most notable being janissary corps.
  • Provincial soldiers, which were fiefed (Turkish Tımarlı), the most important being Timarli Sipahi (lit. "fiefed cavalry") and their retainers (called cebelu lit. armed, man-at-arms), but other kinds were also present.
  • Soldiers of subject, protectorate, or allied states (the most important being the Crimean Khans)
  • Bashi-bazouk usually did not receive regular salaries and lived off loot.

Recruitment

'Black Bashi Bazouk' by Jean-Léon Gérôme, French. 1869

Under the best conditions, an Ottoman commander-in-chief would be able to muster hundreds of thousands of soldiers and lead an excursion into Austria or Iran, whichever posed the greatest threat, capturing or extorting sufficient lands or money to cover the expenses of the next campaign in the process. Frequently, the actual number of soldiers deployed to the battlefield was one order of magnitude less.

On the eve of battle an Ottoman commander would tap any source of manpower he saw fit; hiring mercenaries was one of them. The hiring process occurred in an open market, with prices determined by negotiation between the mercenary troop leader and an Ottoman commander. Prices were affected by the quality and quantity of mercenary troop available as well as the commander's requirements. Oral negotiations usually led to a written contract. Some of these documents survive today, often showing small mercenary leaders contracting for very high amounts.

History

Bashi-bazouk was most notably the name given to Albanian irregulars used by the Turkish Ottoman armies to terrorize the Balkans. Bashi-bazouk raiding parties of Albanian mercenaries, recently converted to Sunni Islam, were sent out into the Balkan countryside to pillage, rape and massacre, as well as eradicate any fighting opposition, in an effort to force the Serbian, Macedonian and other Balkan peoples to surrender to the Ottoman Empire and submit to its rule.

An attempt by Husrev Pasha to disband his Albanian bashi-bazouks in favor of his regular forces began the rioting which led to the establishment of Muhammad Ali's Khedivate of Egypt.

Reputation

The bashi-bazouk were notorious for being brutal and undisciplined, thus giving the term its second, colloquial meaning of "undisciplined bandit" in many languages. A notable example of this use is in the comic series The Adventures of Tintin, where the word is often used as an expletive by Captain Haddock.[5][6]

Their use was abandoned by the end of the 19th century. However, self-organized bashi-bazouk troops still appeared later.

The term "bashibozouk" has also been used for a mounted force, existing in peacetime in various provinces of the Ottoman empire, which performed the duties of gendarmerie.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Repin, Volume 1; Igor Emanuilovich Grabar'; 1948; p.391 (in Russian)
  2. ↑ Bulgaria today: Volume 15, Issue 4; 1966; p.35
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bashi-Bazouk". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press 
  4. ↑ Montgomery 1968, p. 246
  5. ↑ Running for the Hills: A Memoir, Horatio Clare. Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 168
  6. ↑ Bookless in Baghdad: Reflections on Writing and Writers, Shashi Tharoor. Skyhorse Publishing, 2012

Further reading

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bashi-bazouk.
  • Montgomery, Viscount Bernard (1968). A History of Warfare, The World Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-688-01645-6.
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