Baritsu
Baritsu is the name given to a form of martial art described by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in the Sherlock Holmes story "The Adventure of the Empty House", the first of The Return of Sherlock Holmes, to explain how Holmes had managed to avoid falling into the Reichenbach Falls with Professor Moriarty as described in the story "The Final Problem", first published in Strand Magazine in December 1893.[citation needed]
It is almost certainly a misspelling of the real martial art of bartitsu, which existed in Britain around the time Doyle's novels were written.
History
By the 1890s, Conan Doyle had become weary of chronicling the adventures of Sherlock Holmes. He had ostensibly killed Holmes off in his 1893 story, "The Final Problem", in which Holmes apparently plunged to his death over a waterfall during a struggle with his archenemy, Professor Moriarty.[citation needed]
However, such was the public clamour for the fictional detective’s return that Doyle capitulated and revived Holmes for another story, "The Adventure of the Empty House", in 1901. As Holmes himself explained his apparently miraculous survival:[citation needed]
When I reached the end I stood at bay. He drew no weapon, but he rushed at me and threw his long arms around me. He knew that his own game was up, and was only anxious to revenge himself upon me. We tottered together upon the brink of the fall. I have some knowledge, however, of baritsu, or the Japanese system of wrestling, which has more than once been very useful to me. I slipped through his grip, and he with a horrible scream kicked madly for a few seconds and clawed the air with both his hands. But for all his efforts he could not get his balance, and over he went. With my face over the brink I saw him fall for a long way. Then he struck a rock, bounced off, and splashed into the water.
In fact, baritsu did not exist outside the pages of the English editions of "The Adventure of the Empty House", and the word is believed to have been an error for, or bowdlerisation of, Bartitsu. Japanese phonology requires a vowel after every "r," so that "baritsu" can be pronounced as a Japanese word whereas "Bartitsu" cannot. This confusion of names persisted through much of the 20th century, with Holmes enthusiasts puzzling over the identity of baritsu and mistakenly identifying it as bujutsu, sumo, and judo.[citation needed]
Meanwhile, the term baritsu developed a life of its own during the later 20th century, and it was duly recorded that fictional heroes including Doc Savage and the Shadow had been initiated into its mysteries; those last two were established as knowing Baritsu in a DC-published crossover that spilled over into The Shadow Strikes. It was also incorporated into the rules of several role-playing games set during the Victorian and Edwardian eras and into numerous Sherlock Holmes pastiche novels.[citation needed]
In the Soviet series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, both Holmes and Moriarty are masters of the Baritsu. A dramatic battle between the two is shown.[1]
Bartitsu
In 1982 Fromm and Soames, followed by others including Y. Hirayama, J. Hall, Richard Bowen, and James Webb, suggested that Doyle had meant to refer to Bartitsu, an eclectic martial art that had been founded by Londoner E. W. Barton-Wright in 1899: several years after Holmes had supposedly used it, but two years before publication of the story.[2]
It is uncertain why Holmes referred to baritsu, rather than Bartitsu. It is possible that Doyle, who, like Barton-Wright, was writing for Pearson’s Magazine during the late 1890s, was vaguely aware of Bartitsu and simply misremembered or misheard the term; it may even have been a typographical error or a concern about copyright. It should also be noted that a newspaper report on a Bartitsu demonstration in London, published in 1900, had likewise misspelled the name as baritsu.[3]
Japan Sherlock Holmes Club
This club, formed in 1977, evolved from the "Baritsu Chapter" (founded 1948) of the New York Sherlock Holmes Club, due to the connection between Holmes and Japan implied by the term.[citation needed]
The club currently (2011) has around 1000 members.[citation needed]
The Japanese club erected the first ever plaque to Holmes in London, in 1953. In 2011 they erected a plaque to Dr Joseph Bell, the inspiration behind Holmes' character.[citation needed]
See also
References
- ↑ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6AXub29Dpw
- ↑ Fromm, Alan; Soames, Nicolas (1982), Judo - The Gentle Way, London: RKP
- ↑ Godfrey, Emelyne (2009). "Sherlock Holmes and the Mystery of Baritsu". History Today 59 (5): 4–5.
Bibliography
- Alan Fromm, Nicolas Soames, "Judo, the gentle way", Routledge, 1982, ISBN 0-7100-9025-0, pp. 7–8
- Hirayama, Yuichi and John Hall. Some Knowledge of Baritsu: An Investigation of the Japanese system of wrestling used by Sherlock Holmes. Huddersfield (Northern Musgraves Sherlock Holmes Society, 1996. Musgrave Monograph Number Seven)
- Mamatas, Nick, "Bartitsu: The Martial Art for the Steampunk Set", Clarkesworld 39, December 2009
- Noble, Graham. An Introduction to E. W. Barton-Wright (1860–1951) and the Eclectic Art of Bartitsu. Journal of Asian Martial Arts, 1999, v. 8:2, pp 50–61
- Webb, James. Obvervations on Bartitsu: Monograph, 2002
- Wolf, Tony (Ed.) the Bartitsu Compendium (Lulu Publications, 2005)
External links
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