Arthur Robertson Cushny
Physician Arthur Robertson Cushny (6 March 1866 – 25 February 1926), was a Scottish pharmacologist and physiologist who became a Fellow of the Royal Society.
Cushny was born on 6 March 1866 in Fochabers, Moray, Scotland. He attended a local rural school until he enrolled at the University of Aberdeen and received an M.A. in 1866. Then in 1889 he graduated from medical studies at Marischal College, Aberdeen, receiving C.M., M.B. and M.D. degrees in 1892.[1]
Aroused by interests of physiological drug interaction, he traveled to the European continent and spent a year of associated study under Oswald Schmiedeberg at Strassburg, Austria and six months in Berne under Hugo Kronecker, from whom he learned elements of physiological technique.[1]
Then in 1893, at age 27, he accepted the chairmanship of pharmacology at the University of Michigan, replacing the newly resigned Professor J. J. Abel. While there he taught, conducted research and wrote his Text-Book of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, an unrivaled book for thirty years with a posthumous edition published in 1928.[1]
Cushny's contributions to the field of pharmacology were considerable. He performed, with the most modern techniques of the time, the first experimental analysis of the action of digitalis on warm-blooded animals and explained its effects, thereby increasing the drug's therapeutic use and value.[1] He was the first to understand the similarity between clinical and experimental auricular fibrillation.[1]
He was also interested for several years in the physiological action of optical isomers and, in c. 1900, the mechanisms of kidney secretion, providing three advanced papers on the subject between 1901 and 1904 in the Journal of Physiology. In 1917 he presented the paper,The Secretion of Urine, an advancement of the "modern theory" of kidney secretion, and also wrote a second edition of it released posthumously. Here he laid aside the theories of the inexplicable vital activities of the kidneys. He claimed that their primary structures, the Glomeruli, simply filter out harmful bodily waste products while useful nutrients are reabsorbed into the body.[1]
In 1905 he accepted the chair of pharmacology at University College London (UCL), and then in 1918, replaced the chair vacated by Sir Thomas Fraser in Edinburgh, where remained until his death.[1]
While in Edinburgh, he bought an historic manor house, the "Dumbiedykes" of the Heart of Midlothian, that he retired to while entertaining international medical students and physicians.[1] He was an avid horticulturalist, spending more and more time in his garden. He married the English Sarah Firbank in 1896, and died of sudden apoplectic stroke at his home in Edinburgh, Scotland on 25 February 1926.[1]
Notable monographic works
- The Action and Uses in Medicine of Digitalis and Its Allies (1925)
- The Biological Relation of Optically Isometric Substances (1926)
- The Secretion of Urine (1917)