Armadillo Aerospace

Armadillo Aerospace

Type	Privately held
Industry	Aerospace
Founded	2000
Headquarters	Mesquite, Texas
Key people	John D. Carmack
Products	Rocket vehicles/Space Tourism
Revenue	Not disclosed
Website	www.armadilloaerospace.com

Armadillo Aerospace is an aerospace startup company based in Mesquite, Texas. Its initial goal was to build a manned suborbital spacecraft capable of space tourism, and had also stated long-term ambitions of orbital spaceflight. The company was founded by John Carmack.^[1]

On October 24, 2008, Armadillo won $350,000 by succeeding in the Level 1 Northrop Grumman Lunar Lander Challenge. On September 12, 2009, Armadillo won $500,000 by succeeding in Level 2 of the same challenge.^[2][3][4]

In 2010, they were working on a sub-orbital commercial aircraft with Space Adventures.^[5]

In August 2013, Carmack announced that Armadillo Aerospace had been put in "hibernation mode", following setbacks including the crash of the STIG-B rocket in January 2013.^[6]

Research and development principles

The company places a strong emphasis on a rapid build and test cycle. Armadillo Aerospace has designed and built a number of different vehicles using a variety of propellants. Each design has several features in common. One is the use of modern computer technologies and electronics to simplify rocket control and reduce development costs. Another is the use of liquid propellants and VTVL to facilitate short launch-to-launch times.^{[citation needed]}

Prize competitions

X-Prize competition

The company was a competitor for the Ansari X-Prize. Armadillo's X-Prize vehicle was unorthodox among modern rockets in that instead of using stabilization fins, which complicate the design and increase drag, Armadillo used an aerodynamically unstable design, where the computer controlled jet vanes based on feedback from fibre optic gyroscopes.^{[citation needed]} Armadillo has also stated a preference for simplicity and reliability over performance, which was evident in its choice of hydrogen peroxide (50% concentration in water) and methanol as a mixed monopropellant for the vehicle. A monopropellant-based engine requires only a single tank, as well as greatly simplified plumbing and other hardware.

Wirefly X-Prize Cup 2006

Armadillo Aerospace competed in the 2006 Wirefly X PRIZE Cup. Armadillo Aerospace was the only competitor in the Lunar Lander Challenge. The company took two similar vehicles, Pixel and Texel, to the event. The vehicles narrowly failed to win the Level 1 prize, after making three dramatic attempts totalling over 5 minutes in the air,^[7] finally crashing out on the final attempt. Persistent landing problems were the main cause of failure, with the undercarriage breaking several times, and landing slightly off the pad on one occasion due to guidance difficulties. These flights were a highlight of the Wirefly X-prize cup.

Quad vehicle

The quad vehicle design is pressure-fed in blow down mode from an initial pressure of 320 psi for level 1 (400 psi level 2). The roll thrusters are cross-fed by gas drawn from ullage space of the opposite tank. The vehicle is able to transfer propellant through connecting pipes between opposite tanks by controlling ullage pressures with the thrusters; this helps it balance, minimizing gas use. The main engine has two-axis thrust vectoring. The vehicle is fully computer controlled; with guidance from GPS and fiber optic gyroscopes.^{[citation needed]}

Wirefly X-Prize Cup 2007

Armadillo Aerospace competed in the 2007 Lunar Lander Challenge event in the Wirefly X-Prize Cup 2007.

Testing

During testing one of the two Quad vehicles (named Texel) crashed in tethered flight after a guidance problem caused the vehicle to rapidly gain altitude until 3 separate flight termination procedures were activated at approximately 20–30 feet. The vehicle fell, and the impact broke open one of the alcohol tanks and a large fireball engulfed the vehicle.^[8] The vehicle was irreparably damaged, and only its sister Pixel could compete in the upcoming event. The plan was to have the first module (of the next generation modular design) compete at level 1, and have Pixel compete at level 2 challenge. ^[9]

Competition

In the level 1 events, Armadillo's craft MOD (actually, module #1) logged several attempts, including several successful first leg flights, but was unable to complete the return trip during any attempt.^{[citation needed]}

On its first attempt, a clogged igniter orifice prevented ignition. On the second attempt, the first leg flight was perfect; increased guidance and control capabilities allowed the module to, in Carmack's words, 'burn the X-mark off the target pad'. The return leg was delayed slightly, because the igniter had clogged again. When the second leg was attempted, a 'hard start' cracked the graphite combustion chamber. As the vehicle was still flying, Carmack flew the crippled vehicle through the course as quickly as possible and hovered 2–3 meters above the landing pad. With only a few seconds remaining in the required flight time, the damaged combustion chamber cracked again, which caused the vehicle to tilt enough to trigger a computer abort. The vehicle performed an auto-land, but the tilt caused the module to tip over on landing after only 82 seconds in the air.^{[citation needed]}

The second attempt began with another perfect first leg, but the return was marred by another hard start. Seeing that the engine was badly damaged (although flying), the team commanded an abort. The module landed back on the pad after only a few seconds.^{[citation needed]}

On the final attempt, MOD suffered a violent "hard start", resulting in engine explosion. The violence of the explosion embedded a piece of the graphite chamber in the ground 64 meters from the launch pad, and ended their attempts in 2007 for the prize.^[10][11]

Lunar Landing Challenge 2008

The 2008 Lunar Lander Challenge took place October 24–25 at the Las Cruces International Airport in New Mexico. Armadillo Aerospace competed for the third year but for the first time had competition, from the TrueZer0 team. Both received waivers from the FAA to fly experimental rockets.

TrueZero attempted level 1, achieved hover, then lost roll control and was aborted and crashed.

Armadillo had an unsuccessful first attempt at level 1, and landed early due to inadequate thrust. On their second attempt they completed the first leg, but the second leg was cut short by the FAA closing the flight window. The second leg was held in the afternoon, and they were able to take the Level 1 top prize of $350,000.^[12]

Armadillo's attempt at the level 2 prize on October 25 was aborted due to their vehicle toppling over after the engine casing burned through due to a fuel-line problem.^{[citation needed]}

Lunar Lander Challenge 2009

Armadillo attempted the Level 2 prize on the 12 September 2009. Armadillo successfully flew both legs with their Mod vehicle, each flight lasting over 180 seconds, landing safely. However their landing accuracy was not sufficient to win the first prize, instead they won the US$500,000 second prize^[2][3] while Masten Space Systems' Xoie lander won the US$1,000,000 Level 2 first prize.^[13]

Rocket Racing League

In 2008, the Rocket Racing League announced that Armadillo Aerospace engines would be used in second-generation X-Racer aircraft.^[14] As of March 2010, the Rocket Racing League is utilizing a highly modified Velocity XL FG airframe and an Armadillo Aerospace 2,500 pound thrust liquid oxygen (LOX) and ethanol rocket engine in both the Mark-II X-Racer and Mark-III X-Racer demonstration vehicles.^[15]

Vehicles

Super Mod

The Super Mod reusable launch vehicle is a vertical-takeoff, vertical-landing (VTVL)^[16] unmanned rocket which is being developed by Armadillo in 2010-2011. It has been submitted to NASA as a potential suborbital vehicle for use as a suborbital reusable launch vehicle (sRLV) under NASA's Flight Opportunities Program.^[16] It added aerodynamic fairings, partially extendable landing legs with lower aerodynamic drag, and systems improvements to the basic Mod vehicle structure and systems.

• 

  Lunar Lander Cup era Mod rocket hovering in free flight

• 

  The Mod rocket with an early nose cone, hovering in free flight

• 

  The SuperMod rocket during final assembly

Stig

In late 2010, Armadillo started development of a new, longer rocket design created for lower-drag, higher-speed high-altitude flights, which they named "Stig" in homage of the Top gear driver The Stig.^[17] This rocket had similar systems, motors, and component weights as the Super Mod vehicles, but was aerodynamically optimized for high-altitude flights with long 15 inches (38 cm) diameter cylindrical tanks instead of larger spherical tanks. The 2nd flight which took place in 2012 reached 50 miles (82 kilometers), but the recovery chute did not work as planned.^[18]

The third flight took place in January 2013 and the vehicle experienced a hard landing following a parachute failure-to-deploy,^[6] though the launch was good.^[19]

Staff and funding

Armadillo is headed and has been largely funded by John Carmack, a developer of video games including the Doom and Quake series. During its early days, all of its employees (including Carmack) had other, full-time jobs and contribute their efforts twice weekly to Armadillo on a voluntary basis. Armadillo has a relatively small budget and is not supported by aerospace companies or agencies like NASA, ESA, or Boeing. Armadillo Aerospace has publicly declared itself fully self-funded.^[20]

In February 2006, Carmack stated that the program so far had cost slightly over $2 million.^[21] Even by the standards of X-Prize candidates, this is a low budget. Scaled Composites is estimated to have spent $25 million on its SpaceShipOne development program.

On August 8, 2006, Armadillo Aerospace announced that it had reached a sponsorship deal with NVIDIA. While details were sparse, John Carmack said, "There is a chance at this point that I may have written the last personal check I need to for Armadillo."^[22]

On April 2, 2008, Carmack offered an updated figure of "total cost to date, about $3.5 million". He estimated that another $2 million would be needed to achieve a manned flight to 100 km using Armadillo's modular design in a "six-pack" configuration.^[23]

By 2010, Armadillo had 7 full-time employees, and was profitable on ongoing operations (though Carmack was continuing to invest in development efforts).^[24]

The company has a mascot armadillo named Widget.

2013 "Hibernation mode"

In August 2013, Carmack indicated that following the crash of the STIG-B rocket earlier this year, he has wound down the company operations and has put the company in "hibernation mode." Having stopped accepting (profitable) contract R&D work Armadillo had been doing two years ago in order to focus on development of a suborbital reusable rocket. Over the past two years, Armadillo operated at an approximately US$1 million per year run rate funded personally by Carmack. Several reasons were offered for this outcome, including a failure to adopt a multi-test-vehicle build strategy making the loss of a single rocket more significant than it would have otherwise been.^[6]

As of August 2013, Carmack is "actively looking for outside investors to restart work on the company’s rockets"^[6]

Future research

Carmack has stated in his monthly reports and in forum posts that he expects his path to an orbital vehicle to include modular rockets similar to OTRAG technology. Lutz Kayser, the founding engineer of OTRAG, visited Armadillo in May, 2006 and loaned Carmack some of their original research hardware.

"I have been corresponding with Lutz for a few months now, and I have learned quite a few things. I seriously considered an OTRAG style massive-cluster-of-cheap-modules orbital design back when we had 98% peroxide (assumed to be a biprop with kerosene), and I have always considered it one of the viable routes to significant reduction in orbital launch costs. After really going over the trades and details with Lutz, I am quite convinced that this is the lowest development cost route to significant orbital capability. Eventually, reusable stages will take over, but I actually think that we can make it all the way to orbit on our current budget by following this path. The individual modules are less complicated than our current vehicles, and I am becoming more and more fond of high production methods over hand crafter prototypes." -- June 2006 Armadillo Aerospace Update^[25]

U.S. suborbital spaceship signs up Russian space tourist. 11/10/2010

The U.S. Armadillo Aerospace company, which is developing the suborbital spaceship for space tourist flights, announced on Monday that a Russian has become its first confirmed passenger. St Petersburg resident Evgeny Kovalev won his ticket to the cosmos in a contest organized by Efes brewery.

^[26]

See also

Gallery of CCA3 images and video Official Youtube channel

• Alt.space
• List of private spaceflight companies - A compiled list of private spaceflight companies
• Space Fellowship - Hosts the official Armadillo Aerospace Forum
• Reusable Vehicle Testing program of the Japanese Space Agency JAXA
• Commercial Spaceflight Federation
• Blue Origin
• Blue Origin New Shepard
• McDonnell Douglas DC-X
• Lockheed Martin X-33
• VentureStar
• Masten Space Systems
• Interorbital Systems
• Quad (rocket)
• Zarya
• Kankoh-maru
• Lunar Lander Challenge

References

External links

• Armadillo Aerospace homepage
• Project update with NVIDIA sponsorship information
• Project update and video of successful VTOL test flight
• Project update on vehicle loss
• Project update discussing intent to compete in lunar lander Centennial Challenge (March 1, 2006)
• Official Armadillo Aerospace Forum

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