Antiziganism

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Part of a series on
Discrimination
Specific forms
 
Portal icon Discrimination portal
Part of a series on
Romani people
  • Portal icon Romani people portal
  • WikiProject

Antiziganism or Anti-Romanyism or Anti-Gypsyism is hostility, prejudice or racism directed at the Romani people.

Etymology

The root zigan (pronounced [ˈtsiɡaːn]) is the basis of the word given to the Roma people in many European languages.[citation needed]

History of antiziganism

In the Middle Ages

A French poster depicting a child being kidnapped by nomads

In the early 13th century Byzantine records, the Atsínganoi are mentioned as "wizards... who are inspired satanically and pretend to predict the unknown."[1] By the 16th century, many Romanies in Eastern and Central Europe worked as musicians, metal craftsmen, and soldiers.[2] As the Ottoman Turks expanded into the territory of modern Bulgaria, they relegated Romanies, seen as having "no visible permanent professional affiliation", to the lowest rung of the social ladder.[3]

In Royal Hungary in the 16th century at the time of the Turkish occupation strong anti-Romani policies emerged since they were increasingly seen as Turkish spies or as a fifth column. In this atmosphere, they were expelled from many locations and increasingly adopted a nomadic way of life.[4]

The first anti-Romani legislation was issued in March of Moravia in 1538, and three years later, Ferdinand I ordered that Romanies in his realm be expelled after a series of fires in Prague. Seven years later, the Diet of Augsburg declared that "whosoever kills a Gypsy, will be guilty of no murder."[5] In 1556, the government stepped in to "forbid the drowning of Romani women and children."[6]

In England, the Egyptians Act 1530 banned Romanies from entering the country and required those living in the country to leave within 16 days. Failure to do so could result in confiscation of property, imprisonment and deportation. The act was amended with the Egyptians Act 1554, which directed that they abandon their "naughty, idle and ungodly life and company" and adopt a settled lifestyle. However, for those who failed to adhere to a sedentary existence the Privy council interpreted the act to permit execution of non-complying Romanies 'as a warning to others'.[7]

18th century

In 1710, Joseph I issued an edict against the Romani, ordering "that all adult males were to be hanged without trial, whereas women and young males were to be flogged and banished forever." In addition, they were to have their right ears cut off in the kingdom of Bohemia, in the March of Moravia, the left ear. In other parts of Austria they would be branded on the back with a branding iron, representing the gallows. These mutilations enabled authorities to identify them as Romani on their second arrest. The edict encouraged local officials to hunt down Romani in their areas by levying a fine of 100 Reichsthaler for those failing to do so. Anyone who helped Romani was to be punished by doing a half-year's forced labor. The result was "mass killings" of Romani. In 1721, Charles VI amended the decree to include the execution of adult female Romani, while children were "to be put in hospitals for education."[8]

In 1774, Maria Theresa of Austria issued an edict forbidding marriages between Romani. When a Romani woman married a non-Romani, she had to produce proof of "industrious household service and familiarity with Catholic tenets", a male Rom "had to prove ability to support a wife and children", and "Gypsy children over the age of five were to be taken away and brought up in non-Romani families."[9]

A panel was established in 2007 by the Romanian government to study the 18th and 19th century use of Romani as slaves for Princes, local landowners, and monasteries. Slavery of Romani was outlawed in Romania around 1856.[10]

19th century

Petty theft was a regular justification for persecution of Romanies. In 1899, the Nachrichtendienst in Bezug auf die Zigeuner ("Intelligence Service Regarding the Gypsies") was set up in Munich under the direction of Alfred Dillmann, cataloguing data on all Romani individuals throughout the German lands. It did not officially close down until 1970. The results were published in 1905 in Dillmann’s Zigeuner-Buch,[11] that was used in the following years as justification for the Porajmos. It described the Romani people as a "plague" and a "menace", but almost exclusively presented as Gypsy crime trespassing and the theft of food.[11]

Porajmos

German Nazi deportation of Sinti and Roma from Asperg, 1940
Main article: Porajmos

Persecution of Romani people reached a peak during World War II in the Porajmos, the Nazi genocide of Romanis during the Holocaust. Because the Romani communities of Eastern Europe were less organized than the Jewish communities, it is more difficult to assess the actual number of victims though the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Research Institute in Washington puts the number of Romani lives lost by 1945 at between 500,000 and 1.5 million. Former ethnic studies professor Ward Churchill has argued that the Romani population suffered proportionally more genocide than the Jewish population of Europe and that their plight has largely been sidelined by scholars and the media.[12] According to Nazi ideology the Romani were at the bottom of the racial scale along with Jews and blacks as non-Aryans.[13] After the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 became intact, Romani people were stripped of their citizenship and forbid to have sexual relations and marriages with Aryans.

The extermination of Romanies by the German Nazi authorities in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was so thorough that the Bohemian Romani language became an extinct language. The policy of the Nazis varied across countries they conquered: they killed almost all the Romanis in the Baltic countries, yet they did not attempt to eliminate the Romanis in Denmark or Greece.

Romanies were also persecuted by the fascist Ustaše in Croatia, who were allied with the Nazis. As a result, there were hardly any Romanies left in Croatia after the war.

Contemporary antiziganism

Romani woman demonstrating in Bucharest against an Antiziganistic remark of the Romanian president Traian Băsescu against a journalist who bothered him in May 2007.[1] The text on the shirt is Ţigancă împuţită! ("Stinking gypsy!")

According to a report issued by Amnesty International in 2011, "...systematic discrimination is taking place against up to 10 million Roma across Europe. The organization has documented the failures of governments across the continent to live up to their obligations".[14]

Antiziganism has continued well into the 2000s, particularly in Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia,[15] Hungary,[16] Slovenia[17] and Kosovo.[18]

In Bulgaria, Professor Ognian Saparev has written articles stating that 'Gypsies' should be confined to ghettos because they do not assimilate, are culturally inclined towards theft, have no desire to work, and use their minority status to 'blackmail' the majority.[19] European Union officials censured both the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 2007 for forcibly segregating Romani children from normal schools.[20]

The manele, their modern music style, was prohibited in some cities of Romania in public transport[21] and taxis,[22][23] that actions being justified by buses and taxis companies as being for passenger's comfort and a neutral ambience, acceptable for all passengers. However, those actions had been characterised by Speranta Radulescu, a professor of ethno-musicology at the Bucharest Conservatory, as "a defect of Romanian society".[24] There were also a few criticisms of Professor Dr. Ioan Bradu Iamandescu's experimental study, which linked the listening of "manele" to an increased level of aggressiveness and low self-control and suggested a correlation between preference for that music style and low cognitive skills.[25][26]

The Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights Thomas Hammarberg has been an outspoken critic of Antiziganism, both in reports and periodic Viewpoints. In August 2008, Hammarberg noted that "today's rhetoric against the Roma is very similar to the one used by Nazis and fascists before the mass killings started in the thirties and forties. Once more, it is argued that the Roma are a threat to safety and public health. No distinction is made between a few criminals and the overwhelming majority of the Roma population. This is shameful and dangerous."[27]

According to the latest Human Rights First Hate Crime Survey, Romanies routinely suffer assaults in city streets and other public places as they travel to and from homes and markets. In a number of serious cases of violence against Romani people, attackers have also sought out whole families in their homes, or whole communities in settlements predominantly housing Romanis. These widespread patterns of violence are sometimes directed both at causing immediate harm to Romanis, without distinction between adults, the elderly, and small children and physically eradicating the presence of Romani people in towns and cities in several European countries.[28]

North America

Canada

When Romani refugees were allowed into Canada in 1997, a protest was staged by 25 people, including neo-Nazis, in front of the motel where the refugees were staying. The protesters held signs that included, "Honk if you hate Gypsies," "Canada is not a Trash Can," and "G.S.T. — Gypsies Suck Tax." (The last is a reference to Canada's Goods and Services Tax, also known as GST.) The protesters were charged with promoting hatred, and the case, called R. v. Krymowski, reached the Supreme Court of Canada in 2005.[29]

On September 5, 2012, prominent Canadian conservative commentator Ezra Levant broadcast a commentary "The Jew vs. the Gypsies" on The Source in which he accused the Romani people of being a group of criminals saying: "These are gypsies, a culture synonymous with swindlers. The phrase gypsy and cheater have been so interchangeable historically that the word has entered the English language as a verb: he gypped me. Well the gypsies have gypped us. Too many have come here as false refugees. And they come here to gyp us again and rob us blind as they have done in Europe for centuries … They’re gypsies. And one of the central characteristics of that culture is that their chief economy is theft and begging."[30]

United States

Due to the lack of historical tension with the Roma people seen in Europe, Americans are largely unaware of the stigma that surrounds Romani ancestry elsewhere in the world. The Roma population in the United States has blended more-or-less seamlessly into the rest of society. Lacking the historical and cultural presence the Roma have in Europe, in the United States, the term "Gypsy" has come to be associated with a trade, profession, or lifestyle more than the Romani ethnic group. Some Americans, especially those self-employed in the fortune-telling and psychic reading business,[31] use the term "Gypsy" to describe themselves or their enterprise, despite having no ties to the Roma people. This can be chalked up to misperception and ignorance regarding the term rather than any bigotry or even anti-ziganism.[32]

Europe

European Union

The practice of placing Romani students in segregated schools or classes remains widespread in countries across Central and Eastern Europe.[33] In Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Slovakia, many Romani children have been channeled into all-Romani schools that offer inferior quality education and are sometimes in poor physical condition, or into segregated all-Romani or predominantly Romani classes within mixed schools.[34] In Hungary, Bulgaria, and Slovakia, many Romani children are sent to classes for pupils with learning disabilities, regardless of whether such classes are appropriate for the children in question or not. In Bulgaria, they are also sent to so-called "delinquent schools", where a variety of human rights abuses take place.[34]

Romani in European population centers are often accused of crimes such as pickpocketing. In 2009 a documentary by the BBC called Gypsy child thieves uncovered how Gypsy children were kidnapped and abused by Gypsy gangs from Romania. The children were often held locked in sheds during the nights and sent to steal during the days. In Milan, Italy, it is estimated that a single Gypsy child was able to steal as much as €12,000 in a month; there were as many as 50 of such abused Gypsy children operating in the city. Meanwhile, the Romani bosses of these gangs were building glossy villas back in Romania. The film went on to describe the link between poverty, discrimination, crime and exploitation.[35]

A United Nations study[36] found that Romanis in Eastern European countries such as Bulgaria are arrested for robbery at a much higher rate than other groups. Amnesty International[37] and Romanis groups such as the Union Romani blame widespread police and government racism and persecution.[38] In July 2008, a Business Week feature found the region's Romani population to be a "missed economic opportunity."[39] Hundreds of people from Ostravice in the Beskydy mountains signed a petition against a plan to move Romani families from Ostrava city to their home town, fearing the Romani invasion as well as their schools not being able to cope with the influx of Romani children.[40]

In 2009, the UN's anti-racism panel charged that "Gypsies suffer widespread racism in European Union." that 'Racially motivated crime is an everyday experience' for Roma people, says EU's Fundamental Rights Agency.'.[41]

Bulgaria

Despite the low birth rate in the country, Bulgaria's Health Ministry was considering a law aimed at lowering the birth rate of certain minority groups, particularly the Romanis, owing to the high mortality rate among Romani families, which are typically large. This was later abandoned because of conflict with EU law and the Bulgarian constitution.[42]

In 2011 in Bulgaria, widespread anti-Roma protests occurred in response to the murder of Angel Petrov on the orders of Kiril Rashkov, a Roma leader in the village of Katunitsa. In the subsequent trial, the killer, Simeon Yosifov, was sentenced to 17 years in jail.[43] As of May 2012, an appeal was under way.

Czech Republic
Sign banning entry of itinerant Gypsies and rovers, 1920s
Further information: Romani people in the Czech Republic

Roma make up 2–3% of population in the Czech Republic. According to Říčan (1998), Roma make up more than 60% of Czech prisoners and about 20-30% earn their livelihood in illegal ways, such as procuring prostitution, trafficking and other property crimes.[44] Roma are thus more than 20 times overrepresented in Czech prisons than their population share would suggest.

According to 2010 survey, 83% of Czechs consider Roma asocial and 45% of Czechs would like to expel them from the Czech Republic.[45] A 2011 poll, which followed after a number of brutal attacks by Romani perpetrators against majority population victims, revealed that 44% of Czechs are afraid of Roma people.[46] The majority of the Czech people do not want to have Romanies as neighbours (almost 90%, more than any other group[47]) seeing them as thieves and social parasites. In spite of long waiting time for a child adoption, Romani children from orphanages are almost never adopted by Czech couples.[48] After the Velvet Revolution in 1989 the jobs traditionally employing Romanis either disappeared or were taken over by immigrant workers.[citation needed]

Among highly publicized cases was the Vítkov arson attack of 2009, in which four right-wing extremists seriously injured a three-year-old Romani girl. The public responded by donating money as well as presents to the family, who were able to buy a new house from the donations, while the perpetrators were sentenced to 18 and 22 years in prison.

The Gypsies and Romanis are at the centre of the agenda of far-right groups in the Czech Republic, which are spreading antiziganism especially in connection with criminal acts rendered by Romani perpetrators on majority population victims. The groups focusing especially on cases of rapes and murders, such as nearly killing and rape of a 13-year-old boy in Duchcov or the rape of a 17-year-old girl in church in Nový Bydžov,[49] or brutal murder of an 81-year-old woman in Olešnice by gang of Romani children, who were sent to commit the crime by father of one of them in order to exploit lower ranges of punishment available for minors.[50] Far-right groups often hold demonstrations in places, where majority population suffers from high crime rates attributed to Romani perpetrators.[51][52][53] Far-right groups also organize "crime patrols" in such places.[54][55] (these are however no militia style patrols, they rather rely on requesting police presence). Far-right is also promoting repatriation of Roma to India on voluntary basis, arguing that the Czech state should offer paying all the costs, including establishment of their new livelihood there.[56][57] There are some Romani groups calling for a similar plan, however instead of India they are requesting relocation to Germany, France, United Kingdom, Denmark, Sweden, Finland or Belgium, while in their view the Czech Republic should reimburse costs.[58]

In January 2010, Amnesty International launched a report titled Injustice Renamed: Discrimination in Education of Roma persists in the Czech Republic.[59] According to the BBC, it was Amnesty's view that while cosmetic changes had been introduced by the authorities, little genuine improvement in addressing discrimination against Romani children has occurred over recent years.[60]

Denmark

In Denmark, there was much controversy when the city of Helsingør decided to put all Romani students in special classes in its public schools. The classes were later abandoned after it was determined that they were discriminatory and the Romanis were put back in regular classes.[61]

France

France has come under criticism for its treatment of Roma. In the summer of 2010 French authorities demolished at least 51 illegal Roma camps and began the process of repatriating their residents to their countries of origin.[62] The French government has been accused of perpetrating these actions to pursue its political agenda.[63]

Germany

After 2005 Germany deported some 50,000 people, mainly Romanis, to Kosovo. These were asylum seekers who fled the country during the Kosovo War. The people were deported after living more than 10 years in Germany. The deportations were highly controversial: many were children, who obtained education in Germany, spoke German as their primary language and considered themselves to be Germans.[64]

Hungary

Hungary has seen escalating violence against the Romani people. On 23 February 2009, a Romani man and his five-year-old son were shot dead in Tatárszentgyörgy village southeast of Budapest as they were fleeing their burning house which was set alight by a petrol bomb. The dead man's two other children suffered serious burns. Suspects were arrested and are currently on trial.[65]

Another commentator feels that Hungary is on the brink of a race war with the ethnic Hungarian paramilitary Magyar Garda in confrontation with the Romani Garda.[66]

In 2012, Viktória Mohácsi, 2004-2009 Hungarian Member of European Parliament of Romani ethnicity, asked for asylum in Canada after previously requesting police protection at home due to serious threats from hate groups she was receiving.[67][68]

Ireland

In 2008 Marioara Rostas, a teenage Roma girl was abducted in Dublin city centre, reportedly by member(s) of a notorious local crime family. Over the next week she was raped multiple times, abused, including having her teeth removed, and shot dead.[69][70] Her body was discovered in the Wicklow Mountains four years later in a crime that shocked the Irish Garda Representative Association (GRA) on indifference to the crime within Irish society and why had there been no "outpourings of disgust that such depravity could be committed here".[71]

The lack of public outcry in Ireland led journalist Cormac O’Keeffe of the Irish Examiner to write: "Kidnapped, gang raped, tortured, shot and dumped, but no one cares" in March 2012.[69] There were expressions of anti-Roma sentiment made in the comments section of the newspaper's web site[72] and several follow-up article commenting on the country's attitude to Romanian Roma immigration.[72][73] Subsequent articles entitled “We must fight Irish prejudice” highlighting an undercurrent of racism in Ireland.[73] The Integration Centre in Dublin stated that Roma people were: "routinely demonized and dehumanised."[71] It is likely that this dehumanization was a factor in the rape, torture and murder of the girl. Is it also likely that this dehumanization was a factor in the indifference that greeted the news and detail of her death."[71] The Irish Travellers' Movement said they would send out a "strong message that no one deserves to die so young and in such a horrific violent way". Members of Pavee Point, an indigenous Irish Traveller organization, Roma and members of the settled community led a small candle-lit vigil with the media and Garda members in attendance in February 2012, close to the last reported sighting of the Roma teenager.[74]

Alan Wilson (33) was charged with her murder on April 5, 2012.[75]

Italy
See also: Death of Cristina and Violetta Djeordsevic

In 2007 and 2008, following the brutal rape and subsequent murder of a woman in Rome at the hands of a young man from a local Romani encampment,[76] the Italian government started a crackdown on illegal Roma and Sinti campsites in the country.

In May 2008 Romani camps in Naples were attacked and set on fire by local residents.[77] In July 2008, a high court in Italy overthrew the conviction of defendants who had publicly demanded the expulsion of Romanis from Verona in 2001 and reportedly ruled that "it is acceptable to discriminate against Roma on the grounds that they are thieves."[78] One of those freed was Flavio Tosi, Verona's mayor and an official of the anti-immigrant Lega Nord.[78] The decision came during a "nationwide clampdown" on Romanis by Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi. The previous week, Berlusconi's interior minister Roberto Maroni declared that all Romanis in Italy, including children, would be fingerprinted.[78]

Opposition party member, Gianclaudio Bressa, responded by insisting that these measures "increasingly resemble those of an authoritarian regime".[78] In response to the fingerprinting plan, three United Nations experts testified that "by exclusively targeting the Roma minority, this proposal can be unambiguously classified as discriminatory."[79] The European Parliament denounced the plan as "a clear act of racial discrimination" and asked the Italian government not to continue.[79]

Slovakia

Three Slovakian Romani women have come before the European Court of Human Rights on grounds of having been forcefully sterilised in Slovakian hospitals. The sterilisations were performed by tubal ligation, after the women gave birth by Caesarean section. The court awarded two of the women costs and damages, while the third case was dismissed due to the woman's death.[80] A report by the Center for Reproductive Rights and the Centre for Civil and Human Rights has compiled more than 100 cases of Roma women in Slovakia who have been sterilised without their informed consent.[81]

United Kingdom

In 2008 the media reported that Gypsies experience a higher degree of racism than any other group in the UK, including asylum-seekers. A Mori poll indicated that a third of UK residents admitted openly to being prejudiced against Gypsies.[82]

However, thousands of retrospective planning permissions are granted in Britain in cases involving non-Romani applicants each year, and that statistics showed that 90% of planning applications by Romanis and travellers were initially refused by local councils, compared with a national average of 20% for other applicants, disproving claims of preferential treatment favouring Romanis.[83] Travellers argued that the root of the problem was that many traditional stopping-places had been barricaded off and that legislation passed by the previous Conservative government had effectively criminalised their community. For example, by removing local authorities’ responsibility to provide sites, which leaves the travellers with no option but to purchase unregistered new sites themselves.[84]

In August 2012, Slovakian television network TV JOJ ran a report about cases of Romani immigrant families with Slovakian or Czech citizenship, whose children were forcibly taken away by the British authorities. This has sparked Romani protests in towns such as Nottingham. The authorities refused to explain the reasons for their actions to the Slovak reporters. One of the mothers alleged that she was only allowed visitation with her newborn baby in an empty room; as there was no furniture, she was forced to change her baby's diapers on the floor, which was reflected negatively in a social workers' report. Then when she would not change the diapers on a subsequent occasion following this experience, failure to change them was reflected negatively in the report as well. TV JOJ also alleged that in another case a biological mother suffered a nervous breakdown due to her children being taken away, this was seen as proof that she was not able to take care for them and they were then put up for adoption.[85] The problem was further escalated after reports that some Slovak children would be put up for adoption either in the UK or elsewhere, especially after a British court rejected the request of a grandmother, living in Slovakia, for legal custody of her grandchildren.[86] This dispute has sparked protests in front of the British embassy in Bratislava, with protesters holding signs such as "Britain - Thief of Children" and "Stop Legal Kidnappers".[87] According to Slovak media, over 30 Romani children were taken from their parents in Britain. The Slovak government voiced its "serious concern" over the readiness of British authorities to remove children from their “biological parents” for “no sound reason” and further stated it's readiness to challenge the policy in front of the European Court of Human Rights.[88]

England

In 2002 Conservative Party politician, and Member of Parliament (MP) for Bracknell Andrew MacKay stated in a House of Commons debate on unauthorised encampments of Gypsies and other Travelling groups in the UK that “They [Gypsies and Travellers] are scum, and I use the word advisedly. People who do what these people have done do not deserve the same human rights as my decent constituents going about their ordinary lives”.[89][90] MacKay subsequently left politics in 2010.[91]

In 2005 Doncaster Borough Council discussed in chamber a Review of Gypsy and Traveller Needs[92] and concluded that Gypsies and Irish Travellers are among the most vulnerable and marginalised ethnic minority groups in Britain.[93][94]

A Gypsy and Traveller support centre in Leeds, West Yorkshire, was vandalised in April 2011 in what the police suspect was a hate-crime. The fire caused substantial damage to a centre that is used as a base for the support and education of gypsies and travellers in the community.[95]

In January 2012, a duty manager at an Ice Arena in Blackburn, Lancashire, UK, placed a "No Travellers" sign (a term including gypsies and travellers) at the main reception, before it was taken down five days later. The management issued an apology after they were contacted by the Lancashire Telegraph. The Gypsy Council stated that the sign was "inflammatory, illegal and in danger of inciting racial hatred", while the Gypsy, Roma and Traveller Achievement Service for Lancashire County Council believed that legal action could have been taken if the sign had not been removed.[96]

Scotland

The Equal Opportunities Committee of the Scottish Parliament in 2001[97] and in 2009[98] confirmed that widespread marginalisation and discrimination persists in Scottish society against gypsy and traveller groups. A 2009 survey conducted by the Scottish Government also concludes that Scottish gypsy and travellers had been largely ignored in official policies. A similar survey in 2006 found discriminatory attitudes in Scotland towards gypsies and travellers,[99] and showed 37 per cent of those questioned would be unhappy if a relative married a gypsy or traveller. While 48 per cent found it unacceptable if a member of the gypsy or traveller minorities became primary school teachers.[99]

A report by the University of the West of Scotland found that both the Scottish and UK governments had failed to safeguard the rights of the Roma as a recognized ethnic group and did not raise awareness of Roma rights within the UK.[100] Additionally, an Amnesty International report published in 2012 stated that Gypsy Traveller groups in Scotland routinely suffer widespread discrimination in society,[101] as well as a disproportionate level of scrutiny in the media.[102][103] Over a four month period as a sample 48 per cent of articles showed Gypsy Travellers in a negative light, while 25-28 per cent of articles were favourable, or of a neutral viewpoint.[101] Amnesty recommended journalists adhere to ethical codes of conduct when reporting on Gypsy Traveller populations in Scotland, as these groups face fundamental human rights concerns – particularly with regards to health, education, housing, family life and culture.[101]

To tackle the widespread prejudices and needs of Gypsy/Traveller minorities, in 2011 the Scottish Government set up a working party to consider how best to improve community relations between Gypsies/Travellers and Scottish society.[104] Including young Gypsies/Travellers to engage in an on-line positive messages campaign, contain factually correct information on their communities.[105]

Wales

In 2007 a study by the newly formed Equality for Human Rights Commission found that negative attitudes and prejudice persists against Gypsy/Traveller communities in Wales.[106] Results showed that 38 per cent of those questioned would not accept a long-term relationship with, or would be unhappy if a close relative married or formed a relationship with, a Gypsy Traveller. Furthermore, only 37 per cent found it acceptable if a member of the Gypsy Traveller minorities became primary school teachers, the lowest score of any group.[106] An advertising campaign to tackle prejudice in Wales was launched by the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) in 2008.[107]

Northern Ireland

In June 2009, having had their windows broken and deaths threats made against them, twenty Romanian Romani families were forced from their homes in Lisburn Road, Belfast, in Northern Ireland. Up to 115 people, including women and children, were forced to seek refuge in a local church hall after being attacked. They were later moved by the authorities to a safer location.[108] An anti-racist rally in the city on 15 June to support Romani rights was attacked by youths chanting neo-Nazi slogans. The attacks were condemned by Amnesty International[109] and political leaders from both the Unionist and Nationalist traditions in Northern Ireland.[110][111]

Following the arrest of three local youths in relation to the attacks, the church where the Romanies had been given shelter was badly vandalised. Using 'emergency funds', Northern Ireland authorities assisted most of the victims to return to Romania.[112][113]

Non-EU countries

Kosovo

From the end of the Kosovo War in June 1999, about 80% of Kosovo's Romanis were expelled, amounting to approximately 100,000 expellees.[114]:82 For the 1999–2006 period, the European Roma Rights Centre documented numerous crimes perpetrated by Kosovo's ethnic Albanians with the purpose to purge the region of its Romani population along with other non-Albanian ethnic communities. These crimes included murder, abduction and illegal detention, torture, rape, arson, confiscation of houses and other property, and forced labour. Whole Romani settlements were burned to the ground by Albanians.[114]:82 Romanis remaining in Kosovo are reported to be systematically denied fundamental human rights. They "live in a state of pervasive fear",[114]:83 being routinely intimidated, verbally harassed, and periodically attacked on racist grounds by Albanians.[114]:83 The Romani community of Kosovo is regarded to be for the most part annihilated.[114]:93

At UN internally displaced persons' camps in Kosovo for Romanis, the refugees were exposed to lead poisoning.[115]

Norway

In Norway, many Romani people were forcibly sterilized by the state until 1977.[116][117]

Antiziganism in Norway flared up in July 2012 when roughly 200 Romani people settled outside Sofienberg church in Oslo and were later relocated to a building site at Årvoll, in northern Oslo. The group was subjected to hate crimes in the form of stone throwing and fireworks being aimed at, and fired into their camp. They, and Norwegians trying to assist them in their situation, also received death threats.[118] The leader of the right wing Progress Party also advocated the expulsion of the Romani people resident in Oslo.[119]

Switzerland

A Swiss right-wing magazine Weltwoche, published a photograph of a gun-wielding Roma child on its cover in 2012 with the title “The Roma are coming: Plundering in Switzerland”. They claimed in a series of articles of a growing trend in the country of “criminal tourism for which eastern European Roma clans are responsible” with professional gangs specializing in burglary, thefts, organized begging and street prostitution.[120] The magazine immediately came under criticism with its links to the right-wing populist People’s Party (SVP), as being deliberately provocative and encouraged racist stereotyping by linking ethnic origin and criminality.[120] Switzerland’s Federal Commission against Racism is considering legal action after complaints in Switzerland, Austria and Germany that the cover breached anti-racism laws.

The Berlin newspaper Tagesspiegel investigated the origins of the photograph taken in the slums of Gjakova, Kosovo, where Roma communities were displaced during the Kosovo War to hovels built on a toxic landfill.[121] The Italian photographer Livio Mancini, denounced the abuse of his photograph which was originally taken to demonstrate the plight of Roma families in Europe.[122]

Environmental struggles

Environmental issues caused by Cold War-era industrial development have disproportionately impacted upon the Roma, particularly in Eastern Europe. Due to the traditional nomadic lifestyle of the Roma, the people most often settle on the outskirts of towns and cities, where amenities, employment and educational opportunities are often inaccessible. As of 1993, Hungary has been identified as one country where this issue exists: "While the economic restructuring of a command economy into a western style market economy created hardships for most Hungarians, with the national unemployment rate heading toward 14 percent and per capita real income falling, the burdens imposed on Romas are disproportionately great."[123]

Panel buildings (panelák) in Chanov ghetto near Most, Czech Republic were built in the 1970s for a high-income clientele, authorities introduced a model plan, whereby Roma were relocated to these buildings, from poorer areas, to live among Czech neighbours. However, with the rising proportion of Roma moving in, the Czech clients gradually moved out in a kind of white flight, eventually leaving a district in which the vast majority of residents were Roma.[124] A poll in 2007 marked the district as the worst place in the Ústí nad Labem Region.[124] Buildings were eventually stripped of any valuable materials and torn down. The removal of materials was blamed on the Roma who had last inhabited the building.[125] Despite a total rental debt in excess of €3.5 million, all of the tenants in the remaining buildings continue to be provided with water and electricity,[126] unlike the situation in many other European countries.

Roma settlement Luník IX near Košice, Slovakia.
When newly built in the 1980s, some flats in this settlement were assigned to Roma who had relocated from poverty-stricken locations in a government effort to integrate the Roma population—other flats were assigned to families of military and law-enforcement personnel. However, the military and police families gradually moved out of the residences and the living conditions for the Roma population deteriorated. Ongoing failures to pay bills led to the disconnection of the water supply and an emergency plan was eventually created to provide running water for two hours per day to mitigate against the bill payment issue. Similarly to Chanov, some of these buildings were stripped of their materials and were eventually torn down—again, the Roma residents were identified as the culprits of the material theft.[127][128][129][130]

The various legal hindrances to their traditional nomadic lifestyle have forced many travelling Roma into unsafe areas, such as ex-industrial areas, former landfills or other waste areas where pollutants have affected rivers, streams or groundwater. Consequently, Roma are often unable to access clean water or sanitation facilities, rendering the Roma people more vulnerable to health problems, such as diseases. Based in Belgium, the Health & Environment Alliance has included a statement in relation to the Roma on one of its pamphlets: "Denied environmental benefits such as water, sewage treatment facilities, sanitation and access to natural resources, and suffer from exposure to environmental hazards due to their proximity to hazardous waste sites, incinerators, factories, and other sources of pollution."[131] In many areas of central and eastern Europe, the provision of decent running water is a particular issue, with "water-borne diseases, such as diarrhoea and dysentery" being "an almost constant feature of daily life, especially for children" in Bulgaria. Médecins Sans Frontières runs the sole medical centre in an area called Fakulteta and has estimated that infant mortality rates among Roma children is six times higher than for the rest of the Bulgarian population.[131]

According to a study by the United Nations Development Program, the percentage of Roma with access to running water and sewage treatment within Romania and the Czech Republic is well below the average in those countries. Consequently, a proliferation of skin diseases among these populations, due to the low quality of housing standards, including scabies, pediculosis, pyodermatitis, mycosis and askaridosis, has occurred; respiratory health problems also affect the majority of the inhabitants of these areas, in addition to increasing rates of hepatitis and tuberculosis.[citation needed]

Additionally, the permanent settlement of Roma in residential areas is often met with either hostility by non-Roma or the exodus of non-Roma, similar to the "white flight" phenomenon in the United States.[132] Moreover, local councils have issued bans against Roma and Roma people are frequently evicted.[citation needed]

Antiziganism in popular culture

  • Sacha Baron Cohen's 2006 mockumentary Borat satirizes antiziganist beliefs in Eastern Europe and former Soviet States. Baron Cohen plays the eponymous Borat Sagdiyev, a backward and buffoonish journalist who displays extreme intolerance and hostility towards Jews, homosexuals, and Roma. When the character describes his fictitious home town, Baron Cohen, who is himself Jewish, explains that "they have a tall fence for keeping out Gypsies and Jews"; ironically, the scene featuring this backwards and intolerant town was filmed in Glod, a Roma village in central Romania. Though some have criticized the film for going too far, Borat is still one of the most visible statements against antiziganism in popular culture.
  • Claude Frollo, the antagonist of Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre Dame, is portrayed as having a strong, genocidal hatred of gypsies in the story.
  • Alfonso Cuarón's 2006 film Children of Men, is subtly against antiziganist, as a Gypsy woman helps the protagonists. The focal point is when Kee passes her baby to a Gypsy woman, who goes out of sight for a moment, then returns into view waiting for the mother - In the past Gypsies were falsely accuse of kidnapping children and infants. Kee panics for the brief moment when she cannot see her baby, but finds she can trust this Gypsy woman.

See also

References

  1. ↑ George Soulis (1961): The Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire and the Balkans in the Late Middle Ages (Dumbarton Oak Papers) Vol.15 pp.146-147, cited in David Crowe (2004): A History of the Gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia (Palgrave Macmillan) ISBN 0-312-08691-1 p.1
  2. ↑ David Crowe (2004): A History of the Gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia (Palgrave Macmillan) ISBN 0-312-08691-1 p.XI
  3. ↑ Crowe (2004) p.2
  4. ↑ Crowe (2004) p.1, p.34
  5. ↑ Crowe (2004) p.34
  6. ↑ Crowe (2004) p.35
  7. ↑ Mayall, David (1995). English gypsies and state policies. f Interface collection Volume 7 of New Saga Library 7. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. pp. 21, 24. ISBN 978-0-900458-64-4. Retrieved 28 February 2010. 
  8. ↑ Crowe (2004) p.36-37
  9. ↑ Crowe (2004) p.75
  10. ↑ "Company News Story". Nasdaq.com. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Dillmann, Alfred (1905). Zigeuner-Buch (in German). Munich: Wildsche. 
  12. ↑ Patrin © 1997. "Truth & Memory". Archived from the original on 25 October 2009. 
  13. ↑ Simone Gigliotti, Berel Lang. The Holocaust: a reader. Malden, Massachusetts, USA; Oxford, England, UK; Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing, 2005. Pp. 14.
  14. ↑ "Amnesty International – International Roma Day 2011 Stories, Background Information and video material". AI Index: EUR 01/005/2011: Amnesty International. 7 April 2011. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011. 
  15. ↑ "Amnesty International". Web.amnesty.org. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  16. ↑ Hungary's anti-Roma militia grows | csmonitor.com
  17. ↑ "roma | Human Rights Press Point". Humanrightspoint.si. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  18. ↑ Gesellschaft fuer bedrohte Voelker - Society for Threatened Peoples. "Roma and Ashkali in Kosovo: Persecuted, driven out, poisoned". Gfbv.de. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  19. ↑ http://www.bghelsinki.org/en/news/bg/single/mp-publishes-inflammatory-article-against-the-roma/
  20. ↑ "IHT.com". IHT.com. 29 March 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  21. ↑ Corina Misăilă, Vali Trufaşu (28 February 2010). "Primăria de decis: Manelele lui Guţă şi Salam sunt interzise la Galaţi". Stiri din Galati. Adevărul Holding. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 
  22. ↑ "Interzis la manele în taxi!". Liber Tatea (in Romanian). Ringier Romania Toate. 31 March 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 
  23. ↑ Sebastian Dan (14 March 2007). "Fumatul şi manelele, interzise în taxiurile braşovene". Adevărul.ro (in Romanian). Adevărul Holding. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 
  24. ↑ ""Manele", the Most Contested Music of Today". Radio Romania International. 6 February 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012. 
  25. ↑ Mariana Minea (10 September 2011). "Prof. dr. Ioan Bradu Iamandescu: "Pe muzică barocă, neuronii capătă un ritm specific geniilor"". Adevărul.ro (in Romanian). Adevărul Holding. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 
  26. ↑ "Cum se comporta creierul cand asculta manele". Stirileprotv.ro (in Romanian). Stirileprotv.ro. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 
  27. ↑ "Viewpoints by Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights". Coe.int. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  28. ↑ "Human Rights First Report on Roma". Humanrightsfirst.org. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  29. ↑ R. v. Krymowski [2005] 1 S.C.R. 101.
  30. ↑ "Hate crime investigation launched surrounding Ezra Levant’s Roma broadcast". J-source (The Canadian Journalism Foundation ). October 24, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2012. 
  31. ↑ "Real Stories From Victims Who've Been Scammed". gypsypsychicscams.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2007. 
  32. ↑ Sutherland, Anne (1986). Gypsies: The Hidden Americans. Waveland Press. p. 86. ISBN 0881332356
    ISBN 978-0881332353
  33. ↑ "The Impact of Legislation and Policies on School Segregation of Romani Children". European Roma Rights Centre. 2007. pp. p8. Archived from the original on 29 July 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2009. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Equal access to quality education for Roma, Volume 1" (PDF). Open Society Institute - EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program (EUMAP). 2007. pp. 18–20, 187, 212–213, 358–361. Archived from the original on 7 April 2007. 
  35. ↑ Bagnall, Sam (2 September 2009). "How Gypsy gangs use child thieves". BBC News. 
  36. ↑ Ivanov, Andrey (December 2002). "7". Avoiding the Dependence Trap: A Regional Human Development Report. United Nations Development Programme. ISBN 92-1-126153-8. 
  37. ↑ Denesha, Julie (February 2002). "Anti-Roma racism in Europe". Amnesty International. Retrieved 26 August 2007. 
  38. ↑ "Rromani People: Present Situation in Europe". Union Romani. Archived from the original on 20 August 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2007. 
  39. ↑ by S. Adam Cardais (28 July 2008). "Businessweek.com". Businessweek.com. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  40. ↑ Centrum.cz (Czech)
  41. ↑ Traynor, Ian (23 April 2009). "Gypsies suffer widespread racism in European Union". London: Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2010. 
  42. ↑ Ivanov, Ivan (11 October 2006). "Women’s reproductive rights and right to family life interferance by the Health Minister". Social Rights Bulgaria. 
  43. ↑ "Anti-Roma Protests Escalate - WSJ.com". Online.wsj.com. 29 September 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  44. ↑ Říčan, Pavel (1998). S Romy žít budeme - jde o to jak: dějiny, současná situace, kořeny problémů, naděje společné budoucnosti. Praha: Portál. pp. 58–63. ISBN 80-7178-250-5. 
  45. ↑ Jiří Šťastný (8 February 2012). "Češi propadají anticikánismu, každý druhý tu Romy nechce, zjistil průzkum". Zpravy.idnes.cz. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  46. ↑ "http://www.tyden.cz/rubriky/domaci/romsky-bloger-nekteri-romove-se-chovaji-jako-blazni_216270.html" (in Czech). Retrieved 1 November 2011. 
  47. ↑ "Czech don't want Roma as neighbours" (in Czech). Retrieved 15 April 2007. 
  48. ↑ "What is keeping children in orphanages when so many people want to adopt? - 07-02-2007 - Radio Prague". Radio.cz. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  49. ↑ Duchcov rape and attempted murder of a 13-year-old, in which two young Romani boys first explained to the Czech boy that they will show him "the treatment the gypsies underwent in the concentration camps". Afterwards they beat him, raped him, took his property (i.e. mobile phone) and when he fell unconscious they left him severely wounded on a railway track. While one of the Romani perpetrators couldn't be prosecuted due to his age, the other one was found guilty of sexual abuse, blackmailing, rape, robbery and racially motivated attempted murder. The 16-year-old Romani perpetrator was punished with a sentence of 10 years in prison, the maximum a minor may obtain in the Czech Republic, see "Šestnáctiletý Rom dostal za zbití jiného chlapce deset let". Tyden.cz. 2010. Retrieved 2010.  The appeal court had however not found the defendant guilty of attempted murder, and sentenced him only to five years in prison, see "Trest pro romského mladíka, který týral chlapce, se smrskl na půlku". iDNES.cz. 17 March 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2011.  For wide criminal activity and a rape by Romani perpetrators in Nový Bydžov, see ČTK (10 March 2011), Na demonstrace proti Romům v Novém Bydžově míří až 1000 lidí, retrieved 15 March 2011 
  50. ↑ Gang dětských vrahů před soud, 14 March 2005, retrieved 15 March 2011 
  51. ↑ "VIDEO: Bitva v Janově - těžká zranění na obou stranách", Ústecký deník, 11 November 2008, retrieved 15 March 2011 
  52. ↑ "Neonacisté se v Přerově střetli s policií", ČT 24, 4 April 2009, retrieved 15 March 2011 
  53. ↑ "Nový Bydžov mobilizuje kvůli demonstraci extremistů", aktuálně.cz, 10 March 2011, retrieved 15 March 2011 
  54. ↑ "Pochod hlídek Dělnické strany v Janově se obešel bez incidentů", iDNES.cz, 24 January 2009, retrieved 15 March 2011 
  55. ↑ Martin, Kočárek (8 June 2010), "Hlídky Dělnické strany sociální spravedlnosti navštívily Ředhošť", tn.cz, retrieved 15 March 2011 
  56. ↑ "Chtěl v knize vystěhovat Romy do Indie. Dostal podmínku", aktuálně.cz, 26 October 2011, retrieved 15 March 2011 
  57. ↑ Okamura, Tomio (1 March 2011), "Hon na Bátoru, ostuda politiků a novinářů", iDNES.cz, retrieved 15 March 2011 
  58. ↑ "Roma group wants EU states to admit part of Czech Roma", Prague Daily Monitor, 14 March 2011, retrieved 15 March 2011 
  59. ↑ Injustice Renamed: Discrimination in Education of Roma persists in the Czech Republic Amnesty International report, January 2010
  60. ↑ "Amnesty says Czech schools still fail Roma Gypsies". BBC News. 13 January 2010. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2010. 
  61. ↑ "Roma-politik igen i søgelyset" (in Danish). DR Radio P4. 18 January 2006. 
  62. ↑ "France sends Roma Gypsies back to Romania". BBC. 20 August 2010. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010. 
  63. ↑ "France Begins Controversial Roma Deportations". Der Spiegel. 19 August 2010. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010. 
  64. ↑ Germany Sending Gypsy Refugees Back to Kosovo
  65. ↑ "Egy megdöbbentő gyilkosságsorozat részletei". Index. 25 March 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011. 
  66. ↑ D'Amato, Erik (3 February 2009). "Why Fidesz can't profit from "Gypsy crime"?". Politics.Hu. Retrieved 3 April 2009. 
  67. ↑ http://www.romea.cz/english/index.php?id=detail&detail=2007_3142
  68. ↑ http://www.politics.hu/20130616/hungarian-mep-to-canada-asylum-seeker-a-romas-long-trek/
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 By Cormac O’Keeffe (16 March 2012). "Kidnapped, gang raped, tortured, shot and dumped, but no one cares". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  70. ↑ independent.ie apps (29 January 2012). "Young and vulnerable, her last days spent in fear - Analysis, Opinion". Independent.ie. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 By Cormac O’Keeffe (16 March 2012). "Kidnapped, gang raped, tortured, shot and dumped, but no one cares". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 independent.ie apps (18 February 2012). "Mark O'Regan witnesses a heart-broken family's grief and reflects on the wider issue of our attitudes to Roma immigrants - Lifestyle". Independent.ie. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Forde, Killian (16 March 2012). "We must fight Irish prejudice". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  74. ↑ "Marioara Rostas – a candle-lit vigil. « Pavee Point Travellers' Centre". Paveepoint.ie. 10 February 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  75. ↑
  76. ↑ Hooper, John (2 November 2007). "Italian woman's murder prompts expulsion threat to Romanians". London: The Guardian. 
  77. ↑ Unknown, Unknown (28 May 2008). "Italy condemned for 'racism wave'". BBC News (BBC). 
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 Italy: Court inflames Roma discrimination row The Guardian Retrieved 17 July 2008
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 "U.N. blasts Italy over Gypsy 'discrimination'". 15 July 2008. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2008. 
  80. ↑ Kinsella, Naomi. "Forced sterilisation of Roma women is inhuman and degrading but not discriminatory". Retrieved 10 February 2013. 
  81. ↑ "Body and Soul: Forced Sterilization and Other Assaults on Roma Reproductive Freedom". Center for Reproductive Rights. Retrieved 11 February 2013. 
  82. ↑ Shields, Rachel (6 July 2008). "No blacks, no dogs, no Gypsies". The Independent (London). 
  83. ↑ "Gypsies and Irish Travellers: The facts". Commission on Racial Equality (UK). 
  84. ↑ "Gypsies". Inside Out - South East. BBC. 19 September 2005. 
  85. ↑ "Britské úřady údajně bez příčiny odebírají děti českým a slovenským Romům [British authorities allegedly take away children from Czech and Slovak Romanies without any reason]". novinky.cz (in Czech). novinky.cz. 23 August 2005. 
  86. ↑ "Slovak Government Challenges U.K. Foster-Care Ruling". Wall Street Journal. Wall Street Journal. 19 September 2012. 
  87. ↑ "Protest pred britskou ambasádou v Bratislave". teraz.sk (in Slovak). teraz.sk. 18 September 2012. 
  88. ↑ "Foreign government may take UK to European court over its 'illegal’ child-snatching". Daily Telegraph. Daily Telegraph. 15 September 2012. 
  89. ↑ The Gypsy Debate: Can Discourse Control? Joanna Richardson 2006 Imprint academic ch 1 p1.
  90. ↑ Craig, Gary; Karl Atkin, Ronny Flynn, Sangeeta Chattoo (2012). Understanding 'Race' and Ethnicity: Theory, History, Policy, Practice. The Policy Press. p. 153. ISBN 9781847427700. 
  91. ↑ "Andrew MacKay Former Conservative MP for Bracknell". The Work For You.com. mySociety. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 
  92. ↑ "introduction 2.22". Doncaster.gov.uk. 1 December 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  93. ↑ "The Council Chamber". Doncaster.gov.uk. 1 December 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  94. ↑ Gypsies and Travellers: A strategy for the CRE, 2004 - 2007
  95. ↑ Bellamy, Alison (25 April 2011). "Month closure for Leeds traveller arson attack centre - Top Stories". Yorkshire Evening Post. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  96. ↑ Jonathon Dillon (13 January 2012). __no_travellers__sign_at_Blackburn_Ice_Arena/?action=complain&cid=9998514 "Bosses apologise at 'no travellers' sign at Blackburn Ice Arena". Lancashire Telegraph. Retrieved 26 December 2012. 
  97. ↑ Clark, Colin (Winter 2006). "Defining Ethnicity in a Cultural and Socio-Legal Context: The Case of Scottish Gypsy-Travellers". Scottish Affairs Scotland's Longest Running Journal on Contemporary Political and Social Issues (54): 39–67. Retrieved 26 December 2012. 
  98. ↑ "Ethnic Status". The Scottish Government. The Scottish Government. 22 January 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2012. 
  99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 Scottish Government Social Research (4 December 2007). "Attitudes to Discrimination in Scotland 2006: Scottish Social Attitudes Survey - Research Findings". The Scottish Government. The Scottish Government. Retrieved 26 December 2012. 
  100. ↑ Lynne Poole; Kevin Adamson (2008). "Report on the Situation of the Roma Community in Govanhill, Glasgow" (PDF). Report on the Situation of the Roma Community in Govanhill, Glasgow. University of the West of Scotland. Retrieved 26 December 2012. 
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 Amnesty International in Scotland; Napier University MSc Journalism (2 April 2012). "Caught in the Headlines – Scottish Media Coverage of Scottish Gypsy Travellers" (PDF). Caught in the Headlines – Scottish Media Coverage of Scottish Gypsy Travellers. Amnesty International in Scotland. Retrieved 26 December 2012. 
  102. ↑ "Gypsies/Travellers in Scotland: The Twice Yearly Count - No. 16: July 2009" (PDF). The Scottish Government. The Scottish Government. 30 August 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2012. 
  103. ↑ Beth Cadger (2009). "GYPSY/TRAVELLER NUMBERS IN THE UK – A GENERAL OVERVIEW". Article12.org. YGTL – Article 12 in Scotland. Retrieved 26 December 2012. 
  104. ↑ "Working Party Strategy". The Scottish Government. The Scottish Government. 22 March 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2012. 
  105. ↑ "Finance and Sustainable Growth" (PDF). Scottish Parliament – SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE. Scottish Parliament. 27 July 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2012. 
  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 "Who Do You See? – Living together in Wales" (PDF). Equality and Human Rights Commission. Equality and Human Rights Commission. 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2012. 
  107. ↑ Jake Bowers (21 October 2008). "Kirby faces up to anti-Gypsy feeling in Wales" (Audio upload and article). Travellers' Times. The Rural Media Company. Retrieved 26 December 2012. 
  108. ↑ "Racist attacks on Roma are latest low in North's intolerant history". irishtimes.com. 18 June 2009. Retrieved 18 June 2009. 
  109. ↑ "Amnesty International". Amnesty.org.uk. 17 June 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  110. ↑ Morrison, Peter; Lawless, Selva, Saad, WolfeMurray (17/June/2009). "Romanian Gypsies attacked inIreland". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 23 June 2009. Retrieved 18 June 2009. 
  111. ↑ "Protest held over racist attacks". BBC News. 20/June/2009. Archived from the original on 22 June 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2009. 
  112. ↑ McDonald, Henry (23/June/2009). "Vandals attack Belfast church that sheltered Romanian victims of racism". London: guardian.co.uk,. Archived from the original on 26 June 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2009. 
  113. ↑ "Romanians leave NI after attacks". BBC News website. 23 June 2009. Archived from the original on 24 June 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2009. 
  114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 114.2 114.3 114.4 Claude Cahn (2007). "Birth of a Nation: Kosovo and the Persecution of Pariah Minorities". German Law Journal 8 (1). ISSN 2071-8322 
  115. ↑ Gesellschaft fuer bedrohte Voelker - Society for Threatened Peoples. "Lead Poisoning Of Roma In Idp Camps In Kosovo". Gfbv.de. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  116. ↑ Eleanor Harding (January 2008). "The eternal minority". New Internationalist. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 15 April 2008. 
  117. ↑ Hannikainen, Lauri; Åkermark, Sia Spiliopoulou (2003). "The non-autonomous minority groups in the Nordic countries". In Clive, Archer; Joenniemi, Pertti. The Nordic peace. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 171–197. ISBN 978-0-7546-1417-3 
  118. ↑ "Folk er folk-leder sier han har fått flere drapstrusler". Retrieved 31 July 2012. 
  119. ↑ FREDRIK SOLVANG; KIRSTI HAGA HONNINGSØY (15 July 2012). "Jensen: – Nok er nok, sett opp buss, send dem ut". NRK (in Norwegian). Retrieved 26 December 2012. 
  120. ↑ 120.0 120.1 Email Us (12 April 2012). "Magazine under fire for racist Roma cover - The Irish Times - Thu, 12 April 2012". The Irish Times. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  121. ↑ von Andrea Dernbach. "Streit um Roma-Reportage: Raubzüge beim Fotografen - Medien - Tagesspiegel" (in (German)). Tagesspiegel.de. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  122. ↑ "Anti-Roma front page provokes controversy | Presseurop (English)". Presseurop. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  123. ↑ Feher, Gyorgy. 1993. Struggling for Ethnic Identity: The Gypsies of Hungary. Library of Congress Card Catalogue: USA.
  124. ↑ 124.0 124.1 (Czech)Janoušek, Artur (18 September 2007), "Hrůza Ústeckého kraje: sídliště Chanov", iDnes.cz, retrieved 13 March 2011 
  125. ↑ (Czech) ČTK (23 June 2006), "V Chanově se bude bourat i druhý vybydlený panelák", ceskenoviny.cz (Czech News Agency, published 23 June), retrieved 13 March 2011 
  126. ↑ (Czech) Slížová, Radka (25 February 2010), "Chanov jde do lepších časů", sedmicka.cz, retrieved 13 March 2011 
  127. ↑ (Czech) Prokop, Dan (28 September 2008). "Košice zbourají "vybydlené" paneláky na romském sídlišti Luník". idnes.cz. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  128. ↑ (Slovak) "LUNÍK IX.: Bývanie na sídlisku je kritické, obyvateľom zriadili konto na pomoc". tvnoviny.sk. 18 March 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  129. ↑ (Slovak) Teichmanová, Ladislava. "Na Luníku IX a v Demeteri dlhujú za vodu 133 000 €". webnoviny.sk. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  130. ↑ (Czech) ČTK (5 May 2005). "Na košickém romském sídlišti Luník IX. zase teče voda". romove.radio.cz. Archived from the original on 6 March 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  131. ↑ 131.0 131.1 "Environmental Justice: Listening to Women and Children". Environmental Health. 
  132. ↑ Krista M. Harper PhD; Tamara Steger, PhD and Richard Filčák, PhD (July 2009). "Environmental Justice and Roma Communities in Central and Eastern Europe" (PDF). Environmental Justice and Roma Communities in Central and Eastern Europe. University of Massachusetts - Amherst. Retrieved 26 December 2012. 

External links

See also: Cultural appreciation
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike; additional terms may apply for the media files.