Andrographis paniculata
| Andrographis paniculata | |
|---|---|
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Acanthaceae |
| Genus: | Andrographis |
| Species: | A. paniculata |
| Binomial name | |
| Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees[1] | |
Andrographis paniculata is an annual herbaceous plant in the family Acanthaceae, native to India and Sri Lanka.
It is widely cultivated in Southern and Southeastern Asia, where it has been traditionally used to treat infections and some diseases. Mostly the leaves and roots were used for medicinal purposes.
Etymology
Andrographis paniculata is an erect annual herb extremely bitter in taste in all parts of the plant body. The plant is known in north-eastern India as Maha-tita, literally "king of bitters", and known by various vernacular names (see the table below). As an Ayurveda herb it is known as Kalmegh or Kalamegha, meaning "dark cloud". It is also known as Bhui-neem, meaning "neem of the ground", since the plant, though being a small annual herb, has a similar strong bitter taste as that of the large Neem tree (Azadirachta indica). In Malaysia, it is known as Hempedu Bumi, which literally means 'bile of earth' since it is one of the most bitter plants that are used in traditional medicine. The genus Andrographis consists of 28 species of small annual shrubs essentially distributed in tropical Asia. Only a few species are medicinal, of which A. paniculata is the most popular.
List of vernacular names of A. paniculata Nees
| Language | Common name |
|---|---|
| Punjabi | Chooraita |
| Assamese | Chirota |
| Arabic | Quasabhuva |
| Marathi | kadu kirayata,Oli-kiryata |
| Bengali | Kālmegh (কালমেঘ) |
| Oriya | ଭୂଇଁନିମ୍ବ (Bhuinimba) |
| Chinese | Chuan Xin Lian (穿心蓮) |
| English | Green chirayta, creat, king of bitters, andrographis, India echinacea |
| Persian | Naine-havandi |
| Gujarati | કરિયાતુ (Kariyatu) |
| Sanskrit | Kālamegha (कालमेघ), Bhūnimba (भूनिम्ब)[2] |
| Hindi | Kirayat |
| Tamil | Nilavembu |
| Kannada | Nelabevu |
| Malayalam | NilavEpp (നിലവേപ്പ്), Kiriyathth (കിരിയത്ത്) |
| Telugu | Nelavemaa (నేలవేము) or Nelavepu meaning "Neem of the ground". "Nela" = ground and "vemaa" = neem. |
| Malay | Hempedu Bumi |
| Bahasa Indonesia | Sambiloto, sambiroto |
| Thai | Fa Thalai Chon (ฟ้าทะลายโจร), literally meaning 'the heavens strike the thieves' |
| Lao | La-Sa-Bee |
| Sinhalese | Hīn Kohomba / Heen Kohomba (හීන් කොහොඹ), meaning "small neem," or Hīn Bīm Kohomba / Heen Bim Kohomba(හීන් බිම් කොහොඹ) meaning "small neem of the ground." |
| Vietnamese | Xuyên Tâm Liên |
Description
Andrographis paniculata grows erect to a height of 30–110 cm in moist, shady places. The slender stem is dark green, squared in cross-section with longitudinal furrows and wings along the angles. The lance-shaped leaves have hairless blades measuring up to 8 centimeters long by 2.5 wide. The small flowers are borne in spreading racemes. The fruit is a capsule around 2 centimeters long and a few millimeters wide. It contains many yellow-brown seeds.
Distribution
A. paniculata is distributed in tropical Asian countries, often in isolated patches. It can be found in a variety of habitats, such as plains, hillsides, coastlines, and disturbed and cultivated areas such as roadsides, farms, and wastelands. Native populations of A. paniculata are spread throughout south India and Sri Lanka which perhaps represent the center of origin and diversity of the species. The herb is an introduced species in northern parts of India, Java, Malaysia, Indonesia, the West Indies, and elsewhere in the Americas. The species also occurs in Hong Kong, Thailand, Brunei, Singapore, and other parts of Asia where it may or may not be native. The plant is cultivated in many areas, as well.
Unlike other species of the genus, A. paniculata is of common occurrence in most places in India, including the plains and hilly areas up to 500 m, which accounts for its wide use.
Cultivation
It does best in a sunny location. The seeds are sown during May and June. The seedlings are transplanted at a distance of 60 cm x 30 cm.
Medicinal use
Since ancient times, A. peniculata is used in traditional Siddha and Ayurvedic[3] systems of medicine as well as in tribal medicine in India and some other countries for multiple clinical applications.
The herb has a number of purported medicinal uses, although research has found evidence of its effectiveness is limited to treatment of upper respiratory infection, ulcerative colitis and rheumatic symptoms; in particular, there is no evidence of its effectiveness in cancer treatment.[4]
According to the Mayo Clinic Book of Alternative Medicine, "A specific product (andrographis combined with Eleutherococcus senticosus) may shorten the duration and lessen the symptoms of common cold."[5] It also says, "Pregnant women shouldn't use andrographis because it could terminate pregnancy."[5]
In one Chilean study from 1999, the herb had a significant drying effect on the nasal secretions of cold sufferers who took 1,200 milligrams of andrographis extract daily for five days.[6] A 2012 study suggested that Andrographis paniculata extracts may have the potential to be used as a mosquito repellant.[7] A 2006 study reported that extracts of Andrographis exhibited potent anti-inflammatory effects and antioxidant actions in mice.[8]
Chemistry
Andrographolide, an active ingredient in Andrographis, has been shown to be responsible for the herb's inflammatory modulating actions, including the reduction of cytokine and peritoneal deposition of neutrophils, and modulation of lung inflammation in vivo.[9]
Andrographolide is the major constituent extracted from the leaves of the plant which is a bicyclic diterpenoid lactone. This bitter principle was isolated in pure form by Gorter (1911). Such other activities as liver protection under various experimental conditions of treatment with galactosamine (Saraswat et al., 1995), paracetamol (Visen et al., 1993) etc. are also attributed to andrographolide. The hepatoprotective action of andrographolide is related to the activity of certain metabolic enzymes (Choudhury and Poddar, 1984, 1985; Choudhury et al., 1987). Systematic studies on chemistry of A. paniculata have been carried out.[10]
Some known constituents are:
- "14-Deoxy-11-dehydroandrographolide, Plant
- 14-Deoxy-11-oxoandrographolide, Plant
- 5-Hydroxy-7,8,2',3'-Tetramethoxyflavone, Plant
- 5-Hydroxy-7,8,2'-Trimethoxyflavone, Tissue Culture
- Andrographine, Root
- Andrographolide, Plant
- Neoandrographolide, Plant
- Panicoline, Rlkjlkjoot
- Paniculide-A, Plant
- Paniculide-B, Plant
- Paniculide-C, Plant"[11]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andrographis paniculata. |
See also
- List of ineffective cancer treatments
References
- ↑ GRIN Species Profile
- ↑ sanskrit synonyms of bhunimb Amarkosha ch. 2, section - forest medicinal plants, verse - 143
- ↑ medicinal properties of bhunimb Nighatu adarsh
- ↑ "Andrographis". Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center. 13 February 2013. Retrieved August 2013.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "3". Mayo Clinic Book of Alternative Medicine (second ed.). 2010. p. 47.
- ↑ Cáceres, DD; Hancke, JL; Burgos, RA; Sandberg, F; Wikman, GK (1999). "Use of visual analogue scale measurements (VAS) to asses the effectiveness of standardized Andrographis paniculata extract SHA-10 in reducing the symptoms of common cold. A randomized double blind-placebo study". Phytomedicine 6 (4): 217–23. doi:10.1016/S0944-7113(99)80012-9. PMID 10589439.
- ↑ Govindarajan, Marimuthu; Sivakumar, Rajamohan (2011). "Adulticidal and repellent properties of indigenous plant extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)". Parasitology Research 110 (5): 1607–20. doi:10.1007/s00436-011-2669-9. PMID 22009267.
- ↑ Sheeja, K; Shihab, PK; Kuttan, G (2006). "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the plant Andrographis paniculata Nees". Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology 28 (1): 129–40. doi:10.1080/08923970600626007. PMID 16684672.
- ↑ Xia, YF; Ye, BQ; Li, YD; Wang, JG; He, XJ; Lin, X; Yao, X; Ma, D; Slungaard, A; Hebbel, RP; Key, NS; Geng, JG (2004). "Andrographolide attenuates inflammation by inhibition of NF-kappa B activation through covalent modification of reduced cysteine 62 of p50". Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 173 (6): 4207–17. PMID 15356172.
- ↑ Chao W-W., Lin B.-F. "Isolation and identification of bioactive compounds in Andrographis paniculata (Chuanxinlian) Chinese Medicine 2010 5 Article Number 17
- ↑ "Species Information". sun.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2008-03-07.
Further reading
- Germplasm Resources Information Network: Andrographis paniculata
- Coon, JT; Ernst, E (2004). "Andrographis paniculatain the Treatment of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: A Systematic Review of Safety and Efficacy". Planta Medica 70 (4): 293–8. doi:10.1055/s-2004-818938. PMID 15095142.
- Mishra, S. K.; Sangwan, N. S.; Sangwan, R. S (2007). "Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh): a review". Pharmacognosy Reviews 1 (2): 283.
External links
- Andrographis (www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au)
- Dr. Duke's Database
- Caldecott, Todd (2006). Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life. Elsevier/Mosby. ISBN 0-7234-3410-7. Contains a detailed monograph on Andrographis paniculatus (Bhunimba) as well as a discussion of health benefits and usage in clinical practice. Available online at http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/390-bhunimba
- http://www.altmedrev.com/publications/16/1/66.pdf
- Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) (traditional Chinese) (English)
- 穿心蓮, Common Andrographis Herb, Chuan Xin Lian Chinese Medicine Specimen Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) (traditional Chinese) (English)