Academy Award for Best Actor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Academy Award for Best Actor | |
|---|---|
 86th Academy Awards | |
| Awarded for | Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role |
| Country | United States |
| Presented by | AMPAS |
| First awarded | 1929 |
| Currently held by |
Daniel Day-Lewis, Lincoln (2012) |
| Official website | www.oscars.org |
The Academy Award for Best Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It was first awarded at the 1st Academy Awards ceremony, held in 1929; Emil Jannings received the award for his roles in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh and it is given in honor of an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role while working within the film industry.[1] Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS; winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy.[2]
In the first three years of the awards, actors were nominated as the best in their categories. At that time, all of their work during the qualifying period (as many as three films, in some cases) was listed after the award.[3] However, during the 3rd ceremony held in 1930, only one of those films was cited in each winner's final award, even though each of the acting winners had two films following their names on the ballots.[4] The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actor is nominated for a specific performance in a single film.[3] Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year.[3]
Since its inception, the award has been given to 76 actors. Daniel Day-Lewis was the most recent winner in this category for his role in Lincoln. At the ceremony held in 2013, Day-Lewis also became the first actor to win in this category three times, surpassing Marlon Brando, Gary Cooper, Tom Hanks, Dustin Hoffman, Fredric March, Jack Nicholson, Sean Penn, and Spencer Tracy who all have two wins. Tracy and Laurence Olivier have been nominated on nine occasions, more than any other actor.[5]
Winners and nominees
In the following tables, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of film release in Los Angeles County; the ceremonies are always held the following year.[6][7] For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31.[8] For the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1, 1932 to December 31, 1933.[8] Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935, the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31.[8]
Wallace Beery (top) and Fredric March (bottom) tied in 1931 for their roles in The Champ (Beery) and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (March). March would also win in 1946 for The Best Years of Our Lives.
Emil Jannings was the first winner in this category for his roles in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh.
Warner Baxter won in 1928 for his role in In Old Arizona.
George Arliss won in 1929 for his role in Disraeli.
Lionel Barrymore won in 1930 for his role in A Free Soul.
Clark Gable won in 1934 for his role in It Happened One Night.
Spencer Tracy was the first actor to win this category two consecutive years, having won in both 1937 and 1938 for his roles in Captains Courageous and Boys Town including six other nominations.
Bing Crosby won in 1944 for his role in Going My Way.
Ronald Colman won in 1947 for his role in A Double Life.
Laurence Olivier won in 1948 for his role as the titular character in Hamlet, a film which he himself directed.
Broderick Crawford won in 1949 for his role in All the King's Men.
Gregory Peck won in 1962 for his role in To Kill a Mockingbird.
Sidney Poitier won in 1963 for his lead role in Lilies of the Field, thus becoming the first black actor to win an Oscar.
Paul Scofield won in 1966 for his role in A Man for All Seasons.
Rod Steiger won in 1967 for his role in In the Heat of the Night.
John Wayne won in 1969 for his role in True Grit.
Jack Nicholson won two from eight nominations for his performances in 1975's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and 1997's As Good as It Gets.
Peter Finch won posthumously for his performance in 1976's Network.
Robert De Niro was nominated five times, winning once in 1980 for his role as Jake LaMotta in Raging Bull.
At age 76, Henry Fonda was the oldest winner in this category for his role in the 1981 film On Golden Pond.
Michael Douglas won in 1987 for his role in Wall Street.
Anthony Hopkins was nominated three times, winning once in 1991 for his role as Dr. Hannibal Lecter in The Silence of the Lambs.
Al Pacino was nominated five times, winning once in 1992 for his role in Scent of a Woman.
Tom Hanks won two consecutive awards in 1993 and 1994 for his roles in Philadelphia and Forrest Gump.
By virtue of his win 1998 for Life is Beautiful, Roberto Benigni became the second actor to win for a role in a film he directed himself.
Denzel Washington won in 2001 for his role in Training Day.
At age 29, Adrien Brody became the youngest winner for Best Actor for his performance in The Pianist.
Jeff Bridges won in 2009 for his performance in Crazy Heart.
Jean Dujardin won in 2011 for his role in The Artist.
Daniel Day-Lewis became the first actor ever to win this award 3 times for his performances in My Left Foot, There Will Be Blood and Lincoln.
| Key | Explanation |
|---|---|
 |
Indicates the winning actor |
Multiple wins/nominations
| Number | Actor |
|---|---|
| Wins | |
| Daniel Day-Lewis | |
| 2 | Marlon Brando |
| Gary Cooper | |
| Tom Hanks | |
| Dustin Hoffman | |
| Fredric March | |
| Jack Nicholson | |
| Sean Penn | |
| Spencer Tracy | |
| Nominations | |
| 9 | Laurence Olivier |
| Spencer Tracy | |
| 8 | Paul Newman |
| Jack Nicholson | |
| Peter O'Toole | |
| 7 | Marlon Brando |
| Dustin Hoffman | |
| Jack Lemmon | |
| Richard Burton | |
| 5 | Gary Cooper |
| Daniel Day-Lewis | |
| Robert De Niro | |
| Tom Hanks | |
| Fredric March | |
| Paul Muni | |
| Al Pacino | |
| Gregory Peck | |
| Sean Penn | |
| James Stewart | |
| 4 | Warren Beatty |
| Charles Boyer | |
| Michael Caine | |
| Albert Finney | |
| Burt Lancaster | |
| Denzel Washington | |
| 3 | Humphrey Bogart |
| Jeff Bridges | |
| James Cagney | |
| Montgomery Clift | |
| George Clooney | |
| Ronald Colman | |
| Bing Crosby | |
| Russell Crowe | |
| Johnny Depp | |
| Leonardo DiCaprio | |
| Kirk Douglas | |
| Robert Duvall | |
| Morgan Freeman | |
| Clark Gable | |
| William Holden | |
| Anthony Hopkins | |
| William Hurt | |
| Charles Laughton | |
| Marcello Mastroianni | |
| William Powell | |
| Jon Voight | |
| Robin Williams | |
| 2 | Alan Arkin |
| Javier Bardem | |
| Nicolas Cage | |
| Tom Cruise | |
| James Dean | |
| Richard Dreyfuss | |
| Clint Eastwood | |
| José Ferrer | |
| Peter Finch | |
| Colin Firth | |
| Henry Fonda | |
| Cary Grant | |
| Alec Guinness | |
| Gene Hackman | |
| Richard Harris | |
| Rex Harrison | |
| Leslie Howard | |
| Walter Huston | |
| Ben Kingsley | |
| Walter Matthau | |
| Robert Montgomery | |
| Nick Nolte | |
| Walter Pidgeon | |
| Brad Pitt | |
| Sidney Poitier | |
| Anthony Quinn | |
| Mickey Rooney | |
| Joaquin Phoenix | |
| Geoffrey Rush | |
| Maximilian Schell | |
| George C. Scott | |
| Peter Sellers | |
| Will Smith | |
| Rod Steiger | |
| John Travolta | |
| John Wayne | |
Age superlatives
| Record | Actor | Film | Age (in years) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oldest winner | Henry Fonda | On Golden Pond | 76 |
| Oldest nominee | Richard Farnsworth | The Straight Story | 79 |
| Youngest winner | Adrien Brody | The Pianist | 29 |
| Youngest nominee | Jackie Cooper | Skippy | 9 |
See also
- BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role
- Critics Choice Movie Award for Best Actor
- Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama
- Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role
- List of Best Actor winners by age
- List of Big Five Academy Award winners and nominees
- List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees
- List of nominees for the Academy Award for Best Actor (by actor)
- List of actors nominated for two Academy Awards in the same year
- List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories
- List of actors nominated for Academy Awards for foreign language performances
- List of actors who won the Academy, BAFTA, Golden Globe, SAG, and Critic's Choice Award for a single performance
Notes
- A^ : Rules at the time of the first three ceremonies allowed for a performer to receive a single nomination which could honor their work in more than one film. George Arliss, Maurice Chevalier, and Ronald Colman were all nominated for two different roles in the same category. Current Academy rules forbid this from happening. No official reason was ever given as to why Arliss won the award for only one of the two films he was listed for.[89]
- B1 2 : Fredric March received one more vote than Wallace Beery. Academy rules at that time considered such a close margin to be a tie, so both March and Beery received the award. Under current Academy rules, however, dual awards are given only for exact ties.[90]
- C^ : Paul Muni's performance in Black Fury was not nominated for an Oscar. For two years only, the Academy allowed a write-in vote.[91][92] Technically, this meant that any performance was eligible for the award. The decision was made the previous year in response to the controversy surrounding Bette Davis's failure to receive a nomination for Of Human Bondage. Muni came 2nd in the vote, however, the Academy does not recognise Davis or Muni as nominees in these years.[93][94]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Rule One: Award Definitions". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. AMPAS. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Rule Six: Special Rules for the Acting Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. AMPAS. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Levy 2003, p. 56
- ↑ Dirks, Tim. "1929–38 Academy Awards Winners and History". Filmsite (Rainbow Media). Retrieved August 30, 2013.
- ↑ Martin, Monique (February 2, 2010). "History of the Best Actor Category of the Academy Awards". Associated Content (Yahoo!). Retrieved August 30, 2013.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Rule Two: Eligibility". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. AMPAS. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Rule Two: The Awards Year and Deadline". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. AMPAS. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Levy 2003, p. 52
- ↑ "The 4th Academy Awards (1931) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Beverly Hills: AMPAS. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 5th Academy Awards (1932) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Beverly Hills: AMPAS. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 7th Academy Awards (1935) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Beverly Hills: AMPAS. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 8th Academy Awards (1936) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Beverly Hills: AMPAS. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 9th Academy Awards (1937) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Beverly Hills: AMPAS. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 10th Academy Awards (1938) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Beverly Hills: AMPAS. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 11th Academy Awards (1939) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Beverly Hills: AMPAS. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 12th Academy Awards (1940) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Beverly Hills: AMPAS. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 13th Academy Awards (1941) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Beverly Hills: AMPAS. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 14th Academy Awards (1942) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Beverly Hills: AMPAS. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 15th Academy Awards (1943) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Beverly Hills: AMPAS. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 16th Academy Awards (1944) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Beverly Hills: AMPAS. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 17th Academy Awards (1945) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Beverly Hills: AMPAS. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 "The 18th Academy Awards (1946) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Beverly Hills: AMPAS. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 20th Academy Awards (1948) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Beverly Hills: AMPAS. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 20th Academy Awards (1948) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Beverly Hills: AMPAS. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 22nd Academy Awards (1950) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Beverly Hills: AMPAS. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 23rd Academy Awards (1951) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 24th Academy Awards (1952) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 25th Academy Awards (1953) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 26th Academy Awards (1954) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 27th Academy Awards (1955) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 28th Academy Awards (1956) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 29th Academy Awards (1957) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 30th Academy Awards (1958) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 31st Academy Awards (1959) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 32nd Academy Awards (1960) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 33rd Academy Awards (1961) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 34th Academy Awards (1962) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 35th Academy Awards (1963) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 36th Academy Awards (1964) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 37th Academy Awards (1965) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 38th Academy Awards (1966) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 38th Academy Awards (1966) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 40th Academy Awards (1968) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 41st Academy Awards (1969) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 42nd Academy Awards (1970) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 43rd Academy Awards (1971) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 44th Academy Awards (1972) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 45th Academy Awards (1973) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 46th Academy Awards (1974) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 47th Academy Awards (1975) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 47th Academy Awards (1975) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 49th Academy Awards (1977) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 50th Academy Awards (1978) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 51st Academy Awards (1979) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 52nd Academy Awards (1980) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 53rd Academy Awards (1980) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 54th Academy Awards (1982) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 55th Academy Awards (1983) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 56th Academy Awards (1984) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 57th Academy Awards (1985) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 58th Academy Awards (1986) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 59th Academy Awards (1987) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 60th Academy Awards (1988) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 61st Academy Awards (1989) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 62nd Academy Awards (1990) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 63rd Academy Awards (1991) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 64th Academy Awards (1992) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 65th Academy Awards (1993) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 66th Academy Awards (1994) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 67th Academy Awards (1995) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 68th Academy Awards (1996) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 69th Academy Awards (1997) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 70th Academy Awards (1998) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 71st Academy Awards (1999) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 72nd Academy Awards (2000) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 73rd Academy Awards (2001) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 74th Academy Awards (2002) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 75th Academy Awards (2003) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 76th Academy Awards (2004) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 77th Academy Awards (2005) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 78th Academy Awards (2006) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 79th Academy Awards (2007) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 80th Academy Awards (2008) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 81st Academy Awards (2009) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 82nd Academy Awards (2010) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 83rd Academy Awards (2011) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 84th Academy Awards (2012) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ "The 85th Academy Awards (2013) Nominees and Winners". Beverly Hills: oscars.org and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ Rooney, David (November 25, 2003). "On the double-bubble". Retrieved August 30, 2013.
- ↑ Levy 2003, p. 116
- ↑ Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 1002
- ↑ Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 10045
- ↑ Levy 2003, p. 51
- ↑ Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 65
Bibliography
- Wiley, Mason; Bona, Damien (1996), Inside Oscar: The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards (5 ed.), New York, United States: Ballantine Books, ISBN 0-345-40053-4, OCLC 779680732
- Levy, Emanuel (2003), All About Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards, New York, United States: Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 0-8264-1452-4
External links
- Oscars.org (official Academy site)
- Oscar.com (official ceremony promotional site)
- The Academy Awards Database (official site)
- Complete Downloadable List of Academy Award Nominees
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