December 7 in recent years |
2013 (Saturday) |
2012 (Friday) |
2011 (Wednesday) |
2010 (Tuesday) |
2009 (Monday) |
2008 (Sunday) |
2007 (Friday) |
2006 (Thursday) |
2005 (Wednesday) |
2004 (Tuesday) |
December 7 is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 24 days remaining until the end of the year.
Events
- 43 BC – Marcus Tullius Cicero is assassinated.
- 574 – Emperor Justin II retires due to recurring seizures of insanity. He abdicates the throne in favor of his general Tiberius, proclaiming him Caesar.
- 1724 – Tumult of Thorn: Religious unrest is followed by the execution of nine Protestant citizens and the mayor of Thorn (Toruń) by Polish authorities.
- 1732 – The Royal Opera House opens at Covent Garden, London, England.
- 1776 – Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, arranges to enter the American military as a major general.
- 1787 – Delaware becomes the first state to ratify the United States Constitution.
- 1862 – American Civil War: Battle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas.
- 1869 – American outlaw Jesse James commits his first confirmed bank robbery in Gallatin, Missouri.
- 1917 – World War I: The United States declares war on Austria-Hungary.
- 1930 – W1XAV in Boston, Massachusetts telecasts video from the CBS radio orchestra program, The Fox Trappers. The telecast also includes the first television commercial in the United States, an advertisement for I.J. Fox Furriers, who sponsored the radio show.
- 1936 – Australian cricketer Jack Fingleton becomes the first player to score centuries in four consecutive Test innings.
- 1941 – World War II: Attack on Pearl Harbor – The Imperial Japanese Navy carries out a surprise attack on the United States Pacific Fleet and its defending Army and Marine air forces at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. (For Japan's near-simultaneous attacks on Eastern Hemisphere targets, see December 8.)
- 1946 – A fire at the Winecoff Hotel in Atlanta, Georgia, kills 119 people, the deadliest hotel fire in U.S. history.
- 1949 – Chinese Civil War: The government of the Republic of China moves from Nanking to Taipei, Taiwan.
- 1962 – Prince Rainier III of Monaco revises the principality's constitution, devolving some of his power to advisory and legislative councils.
- 1963 – Instant replay makes its debut during an American Army–Navy football game.
- 1965 – Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras I simultaneously revoke mutual excommunications that had been in place since 1054.
- 1971 – Pakistan President Yahya Khan announces the formation of a coalition government with Nurul Amin as Prime Minister and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as Deputy Prime Minister.
- 1972 – Apollo 17, the last Apollo moon mission, is launched. The crew takes the photograph known as The Blue Marble as they leave the Earth.
- 1975 – Indonesia invades East Timor.
- 1982 – In Texas, Charles Brooks, Jr., becomes the first person to be executed by lethal injection in the United States.
- 1983 – An Iberia Airlines Boeing 727 collides with an Aviaco DC-9 in dense fog while the two airliners are taxiing down the runway at Madrid–Barajas Airport, killing 93 people.
- 1987 – Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771 crashes near Paso Robles, California, killing all 43 on board, after a disgruntled passenger shoots his ex-boss traveling on the flight, then shoots both pilots and himself.
- 1988 – Spitak Earthquake: In Armenia an earthquake measuring 6.9 on the Richter scale kills more than 25,000, injures 30,000 and leaves 500,000 homeless out of a population of 3,500,000.
- 1988 – Yasser Arafat recognizes the right of Israel to exist.
- 1993 – The Long Island Rail Road massacre: Passenger Colin Ferguson murders six people and injures 19 others on the LIRR in Nassau County, New York.
- 1995 – The Galileo spacecraft arrives at Jupiter, a little more than six years after it was launched by Space Shuttle Atlantis during Mission STS-34.
- 1999 – A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.: The Recording Industry Association of America sues the peer-to-peer file-sharing service Napster, alleging copyright infringement.
- 2003 – The Conservative Party of Canada is officially registered, following the merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada.
- 2005 – Rigoberto Alpizar, a passenger on American Airlines Flight 924 who allegedly claimed to have a bomb, is shot and killed by a team of U.S. federal air marshals at Miami International Airport.
- 2005 – Ante Gotovina, a Croatian army general accused of war crimes, is captured in the Playa de las Américas, Tenerife, by Spanish police.
- 2006 – A tornado strikes Kensal Green, North West London, seriously damaging about 150 properties.
- 2007 – The Hebei Spirit oil spill begins in South Korea after a crane barge that had broken free from a tug collides with the Very Large Crude Carrier, Hebei Spirit.
Births
- 521 – Columba, Irish missionary, monk, and saint (d. 597)
- 903 – Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi, Persian astronomer and author (d. 986)
- 1302 – Azzone Visconti, Italian ruler, founded Milan (d. 1339)
- 1545 – Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, English-Scottish husband of Mary, Queen of Scots (d. 1567)
- 1561 – Kikkawa Hiroie, Japanese daimyo (d. 1625)
- 1598 – Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Italian sculptor and painter (d. 1680)
- 1643 – Giovanni Battista Falda, Italian architect and engraver (d. 1678)
- 1637 – Bernardo Pasquini, Italian organist and composer (d. 1710)
- 1724 – Louise of Great Britain (d. 1751)
- 1764 – Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno, French general and politician, French Minister of War (d. 1841)
- 1784 – Allan Cunningham, Scottish author and poet (d. 1842)
- 1791 – Ferenc Novák, Hungarian Slovene priest and poet (d. 1836)
- 1792 – Abraham Jacob van der Aa, Dutch author and academic (d. 1857)
- 1801 – Johann Nestroy, Austrian actor and playwright (d. 1862)
- 1810 – Josef Hyrtl, Hungarian-Austrian anatomist and biologist (d. 1894)
- 1810 – Theodor Schwann, German physiologist and biologist (d. 1882)
- 1823 – Leopold Kronecker, Polish-German mathematician and academic (d. 1891)
- 1838 – Thomas Bent, Australian politician, 22nd Premier of Victoria (d. 1909)
- 1847 – Deacon White, American baseball player and manager (d. 1939)
- 1860 – Joseph Cook, English-Australian miner and politician, 6th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1947)
- 1862 – Paul Adam, French author (d. 1920)
- 1863 – Felix Calonder, Swiss soldier and politician, 36th President of the Swiss Confederation (d. 1952)
- 1863 – Pietro Mascagni, Italian composer (d. 1945)
- 1863 – Richard Warren Sears, American businessman, co-founded Sears (d. 1914)
- 1873 – Willa Cather, American author and poet (d. 1947)
- 1879 – Rudolf Friml, Czech-American pianist, composer, and academic (d. 1972)
- 1885 – Mason Phelps, American golfer (d. 1945)
- 1885 – Peter Sturholdt, American boxer (d. 1919)
- 1887 – Ernst Toch, Austrian-American composer and songwriter (d. 1964)
- 1888 – Joyce Cary, Irish author (d. 1957)
- 1888 – Hamilton Fish III, American captain and politician (d. 1991)
- 1891 – Fay Bainter, American actress and singer (d. 1968)
- 1894 – Freddie Adkins, English illustrator (d. 1986)
- 1902 – Hilda Taba, Estonian architect, author, and educator (d. 1967)
- 1903 – Danilo Blanuša, Croatian mathematician, physicist, and academic (d. 1987)
- 1904 – Clarence Nash, American voice actor and singer (d. 1985)
- 1904 – Konstantin Sokolsky, Russian-Latvian singer (d. 1991)
- 1905 – Gerard Kuiper, Dutch-American astronomer and academic (d. 1973)
- 1907 – Fred Rose, Polish-Canadian politician and spy (d. 1983)
- 1909 – Nikola Vaptsarov, Bulgarian poet (d. 1942)
- 1910 – Louis Prima, American singer-songwriter, trumpet player, and actor (d. 1978)
- 1910 – Edmundo Ros, Trinidadian-English singer-songwriter and bandleader (d. 2011)
- 1912 – Daniel Jones, Welsh composer (d. 1993)
- 1913 – Kersti Merilaas, Estonian author and poet (d. 1986)
- 1915 – Leigh Brackett, American author and screenwriter (d. 1978)
- 1915 – Eli Wallach, American actor
- 1916 – Jean Carignan, Canadian fiddler (d. 1988)
- 1919 – Lis Løwert, Danish actress (d. 2009)
- 1920 – Tatamkulu Afrika, South African poet and author (d. 2002)
- 1920 – Fiorenzo Magni, Italian cyclist (d. 2012)
- 1920 – Walter Nowotny, Austrian-German soldier and pilot (d. 1944)
- 1921 – Pramukh Swami Maharaj, Indian guru and scholar
- 1923 – Intizar Hussain, Indian-Pakistani author and scholar
- 1923 – Ted Knight, American actor (d. 1986)
- 1924 – Jovanka Broz, Croatian-Serbian colonel (d. 2013)
- 1924 – John Love, Zimbabwean race car driver (d. 2005)
- 1924 – Mário Soares, Portuguese historian, lawyer, and politician, 17th President of Portugal
- 1925 – Hermano da Silva Ramos, French-Brazilian race car driver
- 1927 – Helen Watts, Welsh opera singer (d. 2009)
- 1928 – Noam Chomsky, American linguist and philosopher
- 1930 – Christopher Nicole, Guyanese-English author
- 1930 – Hal Smith, American baseball player
- 1931 – Allan B. Calhamer, American game designer, created Diplomacy (d. 2013)
- 1932 – Ellen Burstyn, American actress and singer
- 1932 – Paul Caponigro, American photographer
- 1932 – J. B. Sumarlin, Indonesian economist and a former Minister of Finance
- 1932 – Rosemary Rogers, Sri Lankan-American journalist and author
- 1933 – Krsto Papić, Croatian director and screenwriter (d. 2013)
- 1937 – Thad Cochran, American soldier, lawyer, and politician
- 1937 – Kenneth Colley, English actor, director, and screenwriter
- 1940 – Stan Boardman, English comedian and actor
- 1940 – Gerry Cheevers, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
- 1941 – Melba Pattillo Beals, American journalist and activist
- 1942 – Harry Chapin, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1981)
- 1942 – Alex Johnson, American baseball player
- 1942 – Peter Tomarken, American game show host and producer (d. 2006)
- 1943 – Susan Isaacs, American author and screenwriter
- 1943 – Nick Katz, American mathematician and academic
- 1943 – Göran Lennmarker, Swedish politician
- 1943 – Bernard C. Parks, American police officer and politician
- 1943 – John Bennett Ramsey, American father of JonBenét Ramsey
- 1944 – Jamiel Chagra, American drug trafficker (d. 2008)
- 1944 – Daniel Chorzempa, American organist and composer
- 1944 – Miroslav Macek, Czech dentist and politician
- 1945 – Marion Rung, Finnish singer
- 1947 – Johnny Bench, American baseball player and sportscaster
- 1947 – Tony Thomas, American screenwriter and producer
- 1947 – Garry Unger, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster
- 1948 – Gary Morris, American singer and actor
- 1948 – Mads Vinding, Danish bassist
- 1949 – Tom Waits, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor
- 1950 – Ron Hynes, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1952 – Susan Collins, American politician
- 1952 – Georges Corraface, French actor and producer
- 1952 – Eckhard Märzke, German footballer and manager
- 1954 – Mary Fallin, American politician, 27th Governor of Oklahoma
- 1954 – Mark Hofmann, American murderer
- 1954 – Mike Nolan, Irish singer (Bucks Fizz and Brooks)
- 1955 – Priscilla Barnes, American actress and producer
- 1955 – John Watkins, Australian educator and politician, 14th Deputy Premier of New South Wales
- 1956 – Larry Bird, American basketball player and coach
- 1957 – Tom Winsor, English lawyer and civil servant
- 1958 – Tim Butler, English bass player and songwriter (The Psychedelic Furs and Love Spit Love)
- 1958 – Lillie McCloud, American singer-songwriter
- 1958 – Rick Rude, American wrestler (d. 1999)
- 1959 – Barbara Wilshere, English actress
- 1960 – Craig Scanlon, English guitarist and songwriter (The Fall)
- 1961 – Mario Miethig, German footballer
- 1962 – Grecia Colmenares, Venezuelan-Argentinian actress
- 1963 – Theo Snelders, Dutch footballer and coach
- 1964 – Roberta Close, Brazilian model and actress
- 1964 – Patrick Fabian, American actor
- 1964 – Peter Laviolette, American ice hockey player and coach
- 1965 – Dorien de Vries, Dutch sailor
- 1965 – Colin Hendry, Scottish footballer and manager
- 1965 – Jeffrey Wright, American actor
- 1966 – C. Thomas Howell, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
- 1966 – Shinichi Ito, Japanese motorcycle racer
- 1966 – Andres Kasekamp, Canadian-Estonian historian and academic
- 1967 – Tino Martinez, American baseball player, coach, and sportscaster
- 1968 – Mark Geyer, Australian rugby player and sportscaster
- 1969 – Andrea Claudio Galluzzo, Italian historian and archaeologist.
- 1969 – Patrice O'Neal, American comedian and actor (d. 2011)
- 1970 – Carmen Campuzano, Mexican model and actress
- 1971 – Vladimir Akopian, Azerbaijani-Armenian chess player
- 1971 – Chasey Lain, American porn actress
- 1972 – Hermann Maier, Austrian skier
- 1972 – Tammy Lynn Sytch, American wrestler and manager
- 1973 – Terrell Owens, American football player and actor
- 1973 – Fabien Pelous, French rugby player and coach
- 1973 – Damien Rice, Irish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (Juniper and Bell X1)
- 1973 – Charles Carl Roberts, American murderer (d. 2006)
- 1974 – Nicole Appleton, Canadian singer and actress (All Saints and Appleton)
- 1974 – Kang Full, South Korean illustrator
- 1974 – Panagiotis Liadelis, Greek basketball player
- 1974 – Voldemārs Lūsis, Latvian javelin thrower
- 1975 – Jamie Clapham, English footballer and coach
- 1976 – Alan Faneca, American football player
- 1976 – Ivan Franceschini, Italian footballer
- 1976 – Brent Johnson, Canadian football player
- 1976 – Georges Laraque, Canadian ice hockey player and politician
- 1976 – Vanessa Lorenzo, Spanish model
- 1977 – Eric Chavez, American baseball player
- 1977 – Dominic Howard, English drummer and producer (Muse)
- 1978 – Shiri Appleby, American actress
- 1978 – Chad Dukes, American radio host
- 1978 – Frankie J, Mexican-American singer-songwriter and producer (Kumbia Kings)
- 1978 – Mr. Porter, American rapper and producer (D12)
- 1979 – Sara Bareilles, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and actress
- 1979 – Jennifer Carpenter, American actress
- 1979 – Lampros Choutos, Greek-Italian footballer
- 1979 – Ayako Fujitani, Japanese actress
- 1979 – Derek Ramsay, English-Filipino actor and model
- 1980 – John Terry, English footballer
- 1982 – Chrispa, Greek singer
- 1982 – Jack Huston, English actor
- 1984 – Aaron Gray, American basketball player
- 1984 – Robert Kubica, Polish race car driver
- 1984 – Milan Michálek, Czech ice hockey player
- 1984 – Luca Rigoni, Italian footballer
- 1985 – Dean Ambrose, American wrestler
- 1987 – Aaron Carter, American singer-songwriter, dancer, and actor
- 1988 – Nathan Adrian, American swimmer
- 1988 – Emily Browning, Australian actress and singer
- 1988 – Asia Ray Smith, American actress
- 1988 – Butsakon Tantiphana, Thai actress and singer
- 1989 – Nicholas Hoult, English actor
- 1989 – Alessandro Marchi, Italian footballer
- 1990 – Yasiel Puig, Cuban baseball player
- 1990 – Urszula Radwańska, Polish tennis player
- 1991 – Dori Sakurada, Japanese actor, singer, and dancer
- 2003 – Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange
Deaths
- 43 BC – Cicero, Roman philosopher, lawyer, and politician (b. 106 BC)
- 283 – Pope Eutychian
- 983 – Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 955)
- 1254 – Pope Innocent IV (b. 1195)
- 1279 – Bolesław V the Chaste, Polish husband of Kinga of Poland (b. 1226)
- 1295 – Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester, English soldier (b. 1243)
- 1498 – Alexander Hegius von Heek, German poet (b. 1433)
- 1562 – Adrian Willaert, Dutch-Italian composer and educator (b. 1490)
- 1649 – Charles Garnier, French missionary and saint (b. 1606)
- 1672 – Richard Bellingham, English-American lawyer and politician, 8th Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (b. 1592)
- 1683 – Algernon Sidney, English philosopher and politician, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (b. 1623)
- 1723 – Jan Santini Aichel, Czech architect, designed the Pilgrimage Church of Saint John of Nepomuk and Karlova Koruna Chateau (b. 1677)
- 1725 – Florent Carton Dancourt, French actor and playwright (b. 1661)
- 1772 – Martín Sarmiento, Spanish monk, scholar, and author (b. 1695)
- 1775 – Charles Saunders, English admiral and politician (b. 1715)
- 1793 – Joseph Bara, French soldier (b. 1779)
- 1815 – Michel Ney, German-French general (b. 1769)
- 1817 – William Bligh, English admiral and politician, 4th Governor of New South Wales (b. 1745)
- 1842 – Thomas Hamilton, Scottish philosopher and author (b. 1789)
- 1874 – Constantin von Tischendorf, German academic and scholar (b. 1815)
- 1879 – Jón Sigurðsson, Icelandic politician, 1st Speaker of the Parliament of Iceland (b. 1811)
- 1894 – Ferdinand de Lesseps, French businessman and diplomat, co-developed the Suez Canal (b. 1805)
- 1899 – Juan Luna, Filipino painter and sculptor (b. 1857)
- 1902 – Thomas Nast, German-American cartoonist (b. 1840)
- 1906 – Élie Ducommun, Swiss journalist and educator, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1833)
- 1913 – Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano, Italian cardinal (b. 1828)
- 1917 – Ludwig Minkus, Austrian violinist and composer (b. 1826)
- 1938 – Anna Marie Hahn, German-American murderer (b. 1906)
- 1941 – Attack on Pearl Harbor:
- 1946 – Sada Yacco, Japanese actress and dancer (b. 1871)
- 1947 – Tristan Bernard, French author and playwright (b. 1866)
- 1947 – Nicholas Murray Butler, American philosopher and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1862)
- 1949 – Rex Beach, American author, playwright, and water polo player (b. 1877)
- 1956 – Huntley Gordon, Canadian-American actor (b. 1887)
- 1960 – Clara Haskil, Swiss pianist (b. 1895)
- 1969 – Lefty O'Doul, American baseball player and manager (b. 1897)
- 1969 – Eric Portman, English actor (b. 1903)
- 1970 – Rube Goldberg, American cartoonist, sculptor, and author (b. 1883)
- 1975 – Thornton Wilder, American author and playwright (b. 1897)
- 1977 – Peter Carl Goldmark, Hungarian-American engineer (b. 1906)
- 1978 – Alexander Wetmore, American ornithologist and paleontologist (b. 1886)
- 1980 – Darby Crash, American singer-songwriter (Germs and Darby Crash Band) (b. 1958)
- 1981 – Ava Helen Pauling, American activist (b. 1903)
- 1982 – Will Lee, American actor (b. 1908)
- 1983 – Fanny Cano, Mexican actress and producer (b. 1944)
- 1984 – Charles Ray Hatcher, American serial killer (b. 1929)
- 1984 – LeeRoy Yarbrough, American race car driver (b. 1938)
- 1985 – J. R. Eyerman, American photographer and journalist (b. 1906)
- 1985 – Robert Graves, English author and poet (b. 1895)
- 1985 – Potter Stewart, American soldier and jurist (b. 1915)
- 1989 – Haystacks Calhoun, American wrestler and actor (b. 1934)
- 1990 – Joan Bennett, American actress and singer (b. 1910)
- 1990 – Dee Clark, American singer (b. 1938)
- 1990 – Jean Duceppe, Canadian actor (b. 1923)
- 1990 – Jean Paul Lemieux, Canadian painter (b. 1904)
- 1993 – Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Ivoirian politician, 1st President of Ivory Coast (b. 1905)
- 1993 – Wolfgang Paul, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1913)
- 1994 – J. C. Tremblay, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1939)
- 1995 – Kathleen Harrison, English actress (b. 1892)
- 1997 – Billy Bremner, Scottish footballer and manager (b. 1942)
- 1998 – John Addison, English-American composer (b. 1920)
- 1998 – Martin Rodbell, American biochemist and endocrinologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1925)
- 2000 – Vlado Gotovac, Croatian poet and politician (b. 1930)
- 2003 – Carl F. H. Henry American journalist and theologian (b. 1913)
- 2003 – Azie Taylor Morton, American politician, 36th Treasurer of the United States (b. 1933)
- 2004 – Frederick Fennell, American conductor and educator (b. 1914)
- 2004 – Jerry Scoggins, American singer and guitarist (b. 1913)
- 2004 – Jay Van Andel, American businessman, co-founded Amway (b. 1924)
- 2005 – Rigoberto Alpizar, Costa Rican-American shooting victim (b. 1961)
- 2005 – Bud Carson, American football player and coach (b. 1931)
- 2005 – Lucy d'Abreu, Indian-Scottish super-centenarian (b. 1892)
- 2006 – Jeane Kirkpatrick, American diplomat, 16th United States Ambassador to the United Nations (b. 1926)
- 2006 – Jay McShann, American singer and pianist (b. 1910)
- 2008 – Marky Cielo, Filipino actor and dancer (b. 1988)
- 2008 – Herbert Hutner, American banker and lawyer (b. 1908)
- 2009 – Mark Ritts, American actor and puppeteer (b. 1946)
- 2010 – Elizabeth Edwards, American lawyer and author (b. 1949)
- 2010 – Gus Mercurio, American-Australian actor (b. 1928)
- 2011 – Harry Morgan, American actor and director (b. 1915)
- 2012 – Abu-Zaid al Kuwaiti, Kuwaiti-Pakistani terrorist (b. 1965)
- 2012 – P. J. Carey, American baseball player and manager (b. 1953)
- 2012 – Thomas Cornell, American painter and illustrator (b. 1937)
- 2012 – Gilbert Durand, French anthropologist and academic (b. 1921)
- 2012 – Ammar El Sherei, Egyptian accordion player, composer, and academic (b. 1948)
- 2012 – William F. House, American physician and otologist (b. 1923)
- 2012 – Irene Hughes, American psychic (b. 1920)
- 2012 – Roelof Kruisinga, Dutch physician and politician, Dutch Minister of Defence (b. 1922)
- 2012 – Jeni Le Gon, American actress, singer, and dancer (b. 1916)
- 2012 – Ralph Parr, American colonel and pilot (b. 1924)
- 2012 – Marty Reisman, American table tennis player and author (b. 1930)
- 2012 – Jacintha Saldanha, Indian-English nurse (b. 1966)
- 2012 – Saul Steinberg, American businessman (b. 1939)
- 2013 – Vinay Apte, Indian actor (b. 1951)
- 2013 – Juan Carlos Argeñal, Honduran journalist (b. 1970)
- 2013 – Józef Kowalski, Ukrainian-Polish captain (b. 1900)
- 2013 – Jacob Matlala, South African boxer (b. 1962)
- 2013 – Édouard Molinaro, French actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1928)
- 2013 – Allen Rosenberg, American rower and coach (b. 1931)
- 2013 – Dharmavarapu Subramanyam, Indian actor and singer (b. 1954)
- 2013 – Michael Vetter, German author, poet, and composer (b. 1943)
- 2013 – Chick Willis, American singer and guitarist (b. 1934)
Holidays and observances
External links