Para-Methoxy-N-methylamphetamine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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|---|---|
| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-methyl-propan-2-amine | |
| Clinical data | |
| Legal status | Controlled under Federal Analog Act |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 3398-68-3  |
| ATC code | ? |
| PubChem | CID 90766 |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C11H17NO |
| Mol. mass | 179.259 g/mol |
| SMILES
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| (what is this?) (verify) | |
para-Methoxy-N-methylamphetamine (PMMA; Methyl-MA), also known as 4-methoxy-N-methylamphetamine (4-MMA), is a stimulant and psychedelic drug closely related to the amphetamine-class serotonergic drug para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA). PMMA is the 4-methoxy analog of methamphetamine. Little is known about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of PMMA; because of its structural similarity to PMA, which has known toxicity in humans, it is thought to have considerable potential to cause harmful side effects or death in overdose.[1] In the early 2010s, a number of deaths in users of the drug ecstasy were linked to misrepresented tablets and capsules of PMMA.[2]
Its effects in humans are reputedly similar to those of PMA, but slightly more empathogenic in nature. It has a reduced tendency to produce severe hyperthermia at low dosages,[3][4] but at higher dosages side effects and risk of death becomes similar to those of PMA.[5]
The synthesis and effects of PMMA were described by American experimental chemist Alexander Shulgin in his book PiHKAL, where it is referred to by the name "Methyl-MA", as the n-methylated form of 4-MA (PMA). Shulgin reported that PMMA produces an increase in blood pressure and in heart rate, at doses above 100 mg, but causes no psychoactive effects at these levels.
Recreational use
Tablets of PMMA recovered by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration
PMMA has been found in tablets and capsules of the MDMA sold as "ecstasy". A number of deaths have been attributed to tablets sold as ecstasy that contained other substances, such as PMMA's structural analog, PMA.[6][7] Death can occur when an ecstasy user believes they are consuming recreational doses of MDMA, when they are in fact consuming a lethal dose of another substance with similar effects. PMA is of particular concern because it not only causes a release of serotonin but also acts as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI); if it is used in combination with MDMA or another MDMA-like substance, serotonin syndrome can result.[8]
PMMA can be detected with pill testing kits.
Deaths
In January 2011, the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation reported that Norway had seen 12 deaths related to PMMA over the course of 6 months. In March 2011, Dutch media reported that there had been 4 deaths in the province of Limburg since November 2010.[9] In April 2011, Icelandic media reported the death of a young woman that may have been connected to PMMA.[citation needed]
In 2011 alone, 4 deaths were recorded in Scotland as a result of ecstasy tablets which also contained PMMA.[10]
In January 2012, a number of ecstasy-related deaths in Canada in the previous year were linked to PMMA overdoses.[11][12][13][14][15][16]
In September 2012, the deaths of two men in County Cork, Ireland have been linked to PMMA overdoses.[17] In the same month, the death of a man in Queensland, Australia was attributed to PMMA.[18]
In December 2012 and January 2013, several deaths linked to PMMA in the UK.[19]
In June 2013 a PMMA-related death occurred in the Dutch city of 's-Hertogenbosch.[20] Two months later, In August 2013, another possibly PMMA-related death occurred in the nearby town of Sliedrecht.[21] [22] [23]
Spread
Hong Kong newspaper Sing Tao Daily reports on 8th July 2013 that PMMA, called "Happy Powder" in the colloquial slang, is being used as a date-rape drug, being in the form of a flavoured soluble tablet that is undetectable by the human palate. [24]
See also
- para-Methoxyamphetamine (PMA)
- 2-Methoxymethamphetamine (Methoxyphenamine)
- 3-Methoxymethamphetamine (MMMA)
- 4-Fluoromethamphetamine (4-FMA)
- 4-Methylmethamphetamine (4-MMA)
- 4-Methoxymethcathinone (bk-PMMA)
References
- ↑ Becker, J; Neis, P; Röhrich, J; Zörntlein, S (2003). "A fatal paramethoxymethamphetamine intoxication". Legal medicine (Tokyo, Japan). 5. Suppl 1: S138–41. PMID 12935573.
- ↑ "Five B.C. deaths linked to lethal chemical PMMA". Vancouver Sun. January 13, 2012.
- ↑ Glennon, RA; Young, R; Dukat, M; Cheng, Y (1997). "Initial characterization of PMMA as a discriminative stimulus". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 57 (1–2): 151–8. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(96)00306-1. PMID 9164566.
- ↑ Rangisetty, JB; Bondarev, ML; Chang-Fong, J; Young, R; Glennon, RA (2001). "PMMA-stimulus generalization to the optical isomers of MBDB and 3,4-DMA". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 69 (1–2): 261–7. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00530-5. PMID 11420094.
- ↑ Johansen, SS; Hansen, AC; Müller, IB; Lundemose, JB; Franzmann, MB (2003). "Three fatal cases of PMA and PMMA poisoning in Denmark". Journal of analytical toxicology 27 (4): 253–6. PMID 12820749.
- ↑ Refstad S (2003). "Paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA) poisoning; a 'party drug' with lethal effects". Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 47 (10): 1298–9. doi:10.1046/j.1399-6576.2003.00245.x. PMID 14616331.
- ↑ Lamberth PG, Ding GK, Nurmi LA (2008). "Fatal paramethoxy-amphetamine (PMA) poisoning in the Australian Capital Territory". Med. J. Aust. 188 (7): 426. PMID 18393753.
- ↑ Green, AL; El Hait, MA (1980). "P-Methoxyamphetamine, a potent reversible inhibitor of type-A monoamine oxidase in vitro and in vivo". J Pharm Pharmacol 32 (4): 262–266. PMID 6103055.
- ↑ "PMMA deaths in Holland". www.nu.nl. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
- ↑ "Warning over ecstasy pills that raise overdose risk". BBC News. 16 December 2011.
- ↑ "Rare chemical found in fatal ecstasy". The Province. January 15, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
- ↑ "Overdose death investigated". Nanton News. January 24, 2012.
- ↑ "Seized substances sent for testing after suspected overdose". Calgary Herald. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
- ↑ "Tainted ecstasy linked to five Calgary deaths could be from B.C.". Vancouver Sun. January 12, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
- ↑ "Authorities renew warning about street drugs". The City of Calgary Newsroom. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
- ↑ "Ecstasy laced with meth in overdose cases". Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ↑ "Dangerous drug linked to Kinsale deaths". Irish Independent. September 13, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
- ↑ "Queensland Police investigate three deaths linked to 'poison pill' ecstasy overdoses". news.com.au. September 9, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
- ↑ "Five young people die after taking super-strength 'Dr Death ecstasy'". Daily Mail UK. 23 January 2013.
- ↑ "Den Bosch issues a warning for dangerous XTC-pills". www.nu.nl. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
- ↑ "Tiener overleden aan drugs". Retrieved 30 August 2013.
- ↑ "Naomi (16): dood door roze xtc-pil". Retrieved 26 August 2013.
- ↑ "Waarschuwing: dodelijke ‘XTC’ in omloop". Retrieved 26 August 2013.
- ↑ "新毒 Happy迷姦粉女士難防". Sing Tao Daily. July 08, 2013. Retrieved July 08, 2013.
External links
- Methyl-MA entry in PiHKAL
- Methyl-MA entry in PiHKAL • info
- Dutch article by TRIMBOS institute from 31-03-2011
- Icelandic arictle by Mbl news(Mbl.is) from 30-04-2011
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