3-alpha-HSD
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3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD), also known as aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AKR1C4 gene.[1][2] It is known to catalyze the reversible conversion of 3α-androstanediol (5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one) and vice-versa.[3]
This gene encodes a member of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily, which consists of more than 40 known enzymes and proteins. These enzymes catalyze the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols by utilizing NADH and/or NADPH as cofactors. The enzymes display overlapping but distinct substrate specificity. This enzyme catalyzes the bioreduction of chlordecone, a toxic organochlorine pesticide, to chlordecone alcohol in liver. This gene shares high sequence identity with three other gene members and is clustered with those three genes at chromosome 10p15-p14.[2]
See also
- 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD)
References
- ↑ Khanna M, Qin KN, Klisak I, Belkin S, Sparkes RS, Cheng KC (Jul 1995). "Localization of multiple human dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (DDH1 and DDH2) and chlordecone reductase (CHDR) genes in chromosome 10 by the polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization". Genomics 25 (2): 588–90. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(95)80066-U. PMID 7789999.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Entrez Gene: AKR1C4 aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C4 (chlordecone reductase; 3-alpha hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, type I; dihydrodiol dehydrogenase 4)".
- ↑ Rizner TL, Lin HK, Peehl DM, Steckelbroeck S, Bauman DR, Penning TM (July 2003). "Human type 3 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (aldo-keto reductase 1C2) and androgen metabolism in prostate cells". Endocrinology 144 (7): 2922–32. doi:10.1210/en.2002-0032. PMID 12810547.
Further reading
- Binstock JM, Iyer RB, Hamby CV, et al. (1992). "Human hepatic 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: possible identity with human hepatic chlordecone reductase.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 187 (2): 760–6. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(92)91260-W. PMID 1530633.
- Winters CJ, Molowa DT, Guzelian PS (1990). "Isolation and characterization of cloned cDNAs encoding human liver chlordecone reductase.". Biochemistry 29 (4): 1080–7. doi:10.1021/bi00456a034. PMID 2187532.
- Khanna M, Qin KN, Cheng KC (1995). "Distribution of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in rat brain and molecular cloning of multiple cDNAs encoding structurally related proteins in humans.". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 53 (1–6): 41–6. doi:10.1016/0960-0760(95)00019-V. PMID 7626489.
- Khanna M, Qin KN, Wang RW, Cheng KC (1995). "Substrate specificity, gene structure, and tissue-specific distribution of multiple human 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (34): 20162–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.34.20162. PMID 7650035.
- Deyashiki Y, Ogasawara A, Nakayama T, et al. (1994). "Molecular cloning of two human liver 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid/dihydrodiol dehydrogenase isoenzymes that are identical with chlordecone reductase and bile-acid binder". Biochem. J. 299 (2): 545–52. PMC 1138306. PMID 8172617.
- Qin KN, New MI, Cheng KC (1994). "Molecular cloning of multiple cDNAs encoding human enzymes structurally related to 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 46 (6): 673–9. doi:10.1016/0960-0760(93)90308-J. PMID 8274401.
- Kume T, Iwasa H, Shiraishi H, et al. (2000). "Characterization of a novel variant (S145C/L311V) of 3alpha-hydroxysteroid/dihydrodiol dehydrogenase in human liver". Pharmacogenetics 9 (6): 763–71. doi:10.1097/00008571-199912000-00011. PMID 10634139.
- Nishizawa M, Nakajima T, Yasuda K, et al. (2000). "Close kinship of human 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene with three aldo-keto reductase genes". Genes Cells 5 (2): 111–25. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2443.2000.00310.x. PMID 10672042.
- Dufort I, Labrie F, Luu-The V (2001). "Human types 1 and 3 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: differential lability and tissue distribution". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (2): 841–6. doi:10.1210/jc.86.2.841. PMID 11158055.
- Ozeki T, Takahashi Y, Kume T, et al. (2001). "Co-operative regulation of the transcription of human dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (DD)4/aldo-keto reductase (AKR)1C4 gene by hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-4alpha/gamma and HNF-1alpha". Biochem. J. 355 (Pt 2): 537–44. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3550537. PMC 1221767. PMID 11284743.
- Ozeki T, Takahashi Y, Nakayama K, Kamataki T (2002). "Hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-4 alpha/gamma, HNF-1 alpha, and vHNF-1 regulate the cell-specific expression of the human dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (DD)4/AKR1C4 gene". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 405 (2): 185–90. doi:10.1016/S0003-9861(02)00384-3. PMID 12220531.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
- Ozeki T, Takahashi Y, Nakayama K, et al. (2003). "Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 alpha/gamma and hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha as causal factors of interindividual difference in the expression of human dihydrodiol dehydrogenase 4 mRNA in human livers". Pharmacogenetics 13 (1): 49–53. doi:10.1097/00008571-200301000-00007. PMID 12544512.
- Deloukas P, Earthrowl ME, Grafham DV, et al. (2004). "The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 10". Nature 429 (6990): 375–81. doi:10.1038/nature02462. PMID 15164054.
- Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.
- Schüle C, Romeo E, Uzunov DP, et al. (2006). "Influence of mirtazapine on plasma concentrations of neuroactive steroids in major depression and on 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity". Mol. Psychiatry 11 (3): 261–72. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001782. PMID 16344854.
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