1965 Olympia earthquake

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1965 Olympia earthquake
Olympia
Seattle
Date April 29, 1965 (1965-04-29)
Magnitude 6.7 Mw [1]
Depth 59 km [2]
Epicenter 47°24′N 122°18′W / 47.4°N 122.3°W / 47.4; -122.3Coordinates: 47°24′N 122°18′W / 47.4°N 122.3°W / 47.4; -122.3
Countries or regions United States (Washington)
Total damage 12.5 million [3]
Max. intensity VIII (Destructive)
Peak acceleration .204g at Olympia
Aftershocks None
Casualties 7 dead

The 1965 Olympia earthquake occurred at 08:29 PDT (15:29 UTC) on April 29 within the Puget Sound region of Washington State. It had a magnitude of 6.7 on the moment magnitude scale and a maximum perceived intensity of VIII (Destructive) on the Mercalli intensity scale. It caused the deaths of seven people and about $12.5 million in damage.[2][3] There were no recorded aftershocks.[4]

Tectonic setting

The western part of Washington State lies above the Cascadia subduction zone, where the Juan de Fuca Plate is being subducted beneath the North American Plate. The seismicity of this region consists of rare great megathrust earthquakes, like the 1700 Cascadia earthquake and more common earthquakes originating from within the subducting slab. These events relate to normal faulting, associated with the bending of the slab, possibly related to a phase change below about 40 km from basalt/gabbro to eclogite.[5]

Earthquake

The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 6.6 Ms, 6.5 Mb and 6.7 Mw.[1][2] At 10–20 seconds the duration of strong ground motion was relatively short.[6]

The earthquake's focal mechanism indicates that it resulted from normal faulting within the Juan de Fuca slab. There were no recorded aftershocks, similar to observations from the 1949 Olympia and 2001 Nisqually earthquakes and a characteristic of such intraslab events.[5]

The pattern of shaking intensity was somewhat variable, with a large region with an intensity of VII containing localized areas of intensity VIII.[3] These variations generally relate closely to the underlying geology, with higher intensities recorded where there was either artificial fill or alluvium, although there were some exceptions.[4] The observed pattern of intensities was very similar to those from the 1949 Olympia and 2001 Nisqually earthquakes.[1]

A peak ground acceleration of 0.204 g was measured at Olympia.[4]

Damage

Damage to the Union Pacific Railway occurred when fill slid away from beneath part of a branch line just outside Olympia

There was minor damage recorded over a large area, including fallen chimneys and cracked mortar. The two Boeing plants at Renton and Seattle, both built on artificial fill and mudflats, suffered major damage.[4] The State Capitol building suffered cracking to the dome and supporting buttresses, leaving it in a condition where a major aftershock could have caused complete collapse.[7] Single-story unreinforced brick buildings performed the worst in the earthquake with wood-framed structures generally performing very well.[3]

Three people were killed by falling debris in the Duwamish valley floor area of Seattle,[6] and four others died from heart attacks.[8]

Legacy

The damage and deaths in the 1965 earthquake helped bring about the installation of the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network in 1969.[9]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Dewey, J.W.; Hopper, M.G.; Wald, D.J.; Quitoriano V. & Adams E.R. (2002). Intensity Distribution and Isoseismal Maps for the Nisqually, Washington, Earthquake of 28 February 2001. Open-File Report. 02-346. United States Geological Survey. p. 15. Retrieved 6 December 2013. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 National Geophysical Data Center. "Significant earthquake". Retrieved 8 January 2012. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 United States Geological Survey (October 21, 2009). "Puget Sound area, Washington 1965 04 29 15:28:43.7 UTC Magnitude 6.5 Intensity VIII". Historic Earthquakes. Retrieved 8 January 2012. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Oakeshott, G.B. (July 1965). "The Seattle Earthquake". Mineral Information Service (California Division of Mines and Geology) 18 (7): 140–141. Retrieved 8 January 2012. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Wong, I.G. (2005). "Low Potential for Large Intraslab Earthquakes in the Central Cascadia Subduction Zone". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (Seismological Society of America) 95 (5): 1880–1902. Bibcode:2005BuSSA..95.1880W. doi:10.1785/0120040132. Retrieved 8 January 2012. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Mullineaux, D.R.; Bonilla, M.G.; Schlocker, J. (1967). "Relation of building damage to geology in Seattle, Washington during the April 1965 earthquake". Geological Survey Research 1967. United States Geological Survey Professional paper. 575-D. United States Government Printing Office. pp. 183–191. Retrieved 8 January 2012. 
  7. ↑ David Postman (4 March 2001). "Is Capitol dome at risk? Huge stone columns knocked out of line". The Seattle Times (seattletimes.nwsource.com). Retrieved 8 January 2012. 
  8. ↑ Cascadia Region Earthquake Workshop (2008). "Cascadia Deep Earthquakes". Open File Report 2008-1. Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources. p. 8. Retrieved 8 January 2012. 
  9. ↑ United States Geological Survey (July 27, 2011). "ANSS - Advanced National Seismic System Pacific Northwest Region". Retrieved 8 January 2012. 
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