1948 in science
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The year 1948 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Biology
- August 7 - Teaching and research in Mendelian genetics is prohibited in the Soviet Union in favour of Lysenkoist theories of the inheritance of acquired characteristics.[1][2]
- October 5 - Delegates to a conference organised by Sir Julian Huxley at Fontainebleau agree to formation of the International Union for Conservation of Nature.[3]
- November 20 - The Takahē, generally thought to have been extinct for fifty years, is rediscovered by Geoffrey Orbell near Lake Te Anau in the South Island of New Zealand.
- Publication of Fairfield Osborne's Our Plundered Planet, a Malthusian critique of human environmental destruction.[4][5]
Computer science
- June 21 - World's first working program run on an electronic stored-program computer, the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine ("Baby") (written by Tom Kilburn).[6]
- July–October - Claude E. Shannon publishes "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" in Bell System Technical Journal, regarded as a foundation of information theory,[7] introducing the concept of Shannon entropy and adopting the term Bit.
History of science
- December 17 - The original Wright Flyer goes on display in the Smithsonian Institution.
Medicine and human sciences
- April 7 - The World Health Organization is established by the United Nations.
- July 5 - The National Health Service begins functioning in the United Kingdom, giving the right to universal healthcare, free at point of use.[8]
- August 30 - Russian scientist Victor A. Skumin[9] first describes "cardioprosthetic psychopathological syndrome",[10] later known as Skumin syndrome,[11] a form of anxiety suffered by recipients of artificial heart valves.
- In psychology, Bertram Forer demonstrates the Forer effect (that people tend to accept generalised descriptions of personality as uniquely applicable to themselves).
- Kinsey Report, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, is published in the United States.
- Julius Axelrod and Bernard Brodie identify the analgesic properties of acetaminophen.
Meteorology
- March 25 - Meteorologists at Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma City issue the world's first tornado forecast, for the second of the 1948 Tinker Air Force Base tornadoes.
Physics
- April 1 - Physicists Ralph Asher Alpher and George Gamow publish the Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper about the Big Bang.[12]
- Herbert Fröhlich makes a key breakthrough in understanding superconductivity, at the University of Liverpool.[13]
Technology
- June 18 - Columbia Records unveil the LP records developed by Peter Goldmark of CBS Laboratories.[14][15][16]
Publications
- First publication of Norbert Wiener's Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine.
- Publication in Britain of the novel No Highway by former aeronautical engineer Nevil Shute, dealing with the effects of metal fatigue on aircraft.
Awards
Births
- March 9 - László Lovász, computer scientist.
- April 18 - Yasumasa Kanada, mathematician.
- June 13 - Nina L. Etkin (died 2009), American anthropologist and biologist
- August 25 - Nicholas A. Peppas, Greek chemical and biomedical engineer.
- September 2 - Christa McAuliffe (died 1986), astronaut.
- October 29 - Frans de Waal, primatologist.
- December 30 - Randy Schekman, American cell biologist, Nobel Prize winner.
Deaths
- January 30 - Orville Wright (born 1871), American pioneer aviator.
- May 26 - Sir George Newman (born 1870), English public health physician.
- June 21 - D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson (born 1860), Scottish biologist.
- December 12 - Marjory Stephenson (born 1885), English biochemist.
References
- ↑ Joravsky, David (1970). The Lysenko Affair. Russian Research Center studies, 61. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-53985-0.
- ↑ Cohen, Barry M. (1965). "The descent of Lysenko". The Journal of Heredity 56 (5): 229–233.
- ↑ Christoffersen, Leif E. (1994). "IUCN: A Bridge-Builder for Nature Conservation". Green Globe YearBook. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ↑ Netzley, Patricia (1999). Environmental Literature. California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-000-X.
- ↑ Desrochers, Pierre; Hoffbauer, Christine (2009). "The Post War Intellectual Roots of the Population Bomb: Fairfield Osborne's Our Plundered Planet and William Vogt's Road to Survival in retrospect" (PDF). The Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development 1 (3): 73–97. Retrieved 2011-12-08.
- ↑ Enticknap, Nicholas (Summer 1998). "Computing's Golden Jubilee". Resurrection (Computer Conservation Society) (20). ISSN 0958-7403. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
- ↑ James, Ioan (2009). "Claude Elwood Shannon 30 April 1916 - 24 February 2001". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 55. pp. 257–265. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2009.0015. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
- ↑ "The Lost Decade Timeline". BBC. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
- ↑ "Professor Victor A. Skumin, D.M.Sci." (in Russian). 2009. Archived from the original on 2012-03-07. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
- ↑ Bendet, Ia. A.; Morozov, S. M.; Skumin, V. A. (1980). "Психологические аспекты реабилитации больных после хирургического лечения пороков сердца" [Psychological aspects of the rehabilitation of patients after the surgical treatment of heart defects]. Kardiologiia (in Russian) 20 (6): 45–51. PMID 7392405.
- ↑ "Skumin syndrome". Genex (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2012-03-07. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
- ↑ Alpher, R. A.; Bethe, H.; Gamow, G. (1948-04-01). "The Origin of Chemical Elements". Physical Review 73 (7): 803–804. Bibcode:1948PhRv...73..803A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.73.803. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
- ↑ "Science Places Liverpool". 2008. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
- ↑ Goldmark, Peter (1973). Maverick Inventor: My Turbulent Years at CBS. New York: Saturday Review Press. ISBN 0-8415-0046-0.
- ↑ "Columbia Diskery: CBS Show Microgroove Platters to Press; Tell How It Began". Billboard: 3. June 26, 1948.
- ↑ Marmorstein, Gary (2007). The Label: the Story of Columbia Records. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-56025-707-3.
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