1935 in science
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The year 1935 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy
- Opening of the Hayden Planetarium in New York City.
Chemistry
- February 28–March 1 - Working with polyamides to develop a viable new fiber for chemical company DuPont, American chemist Gérard Berchet working under the direction of Wallace Carothers first synthesizes the synthetic polymer nylon at Wilmington, Delaware.[1]
- Vitamin E is first isolated in a pure form by Gladys Anderson Emerson at the University of California, Berkeley.[2]
- Eastman Kodak first market Kodachrome subtractive color reversal film as 16 mm movie film.[3][4] It was invented by two professional musicians, Leopold Godowsky, Jr. and Leopold Mannes.[5][6][7]
Ecology
Geology
- Charles Richter and Beno Gutenberg develop the Richter magnitude scale for quantifying earthquakes.
History of science
- American virologist Hans Zisser publishes Rats, lice and history: being a study in biography, which... deals with the life history of typhus fever.[10]
Mathematics
- April 19 - Alonzo Church presents his paper "An unsolvable problem of elementary number theory", introducing his theorem on the Entscheidungsproblem, to the American Mathematical Society.[11]
- George Pólya develops counting techniques for graphs as algebra.[12]
- George K. Zipf proposes Zipf's law on probability distribution.[13]
Medicine
- January 28 - Iceland becomes the first country to legalize abortion on medical grounds.
- Ladislas J. Meduna discovers metrazol shock therapy
- First vaccine for Yellow Fever
Pharmacology
- January 2 - IG Farben are granted a patent in Germany for the medical application of the first sulfonamide prodrug, Sulfonamidochrysoidine (KI-730; marketed as Prontosil). In February, Gerhard Domagk and others publish (in Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift) the first clinical results on its properties as an antibiotic, the first commercially available; and in November a team directed by Ernest Fourneau at the Pasteur Institute identify sulfanilamide as the active component.[14]
Physics
- January 8 - A.C. Hardy patents the spectrophotometer.
- February 26 - Robert Watson-Watt and Arnold Wilkins first demonstrate the use of radar to detect aircraft, near Daventry in England.[15]
- Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen publish a paper arguing that quantum mechanics is not a complete physical theory (the EPR paradox).[16] Discussion of this introduces the 'Schrödinger's cat' thought experiment.[17]
- Jacques Yvon introduces S-particle distribution functions in classical statistical mechanics;[18] they will later be included in the BBGKY hierarchy.
Technology
- January 24 - The first beer can is sold in Richmond, Virginia, United States, by the Gottfried Krueger Brewing Company.[19]
- July 16 - The world's first parking meter is installed in Oklahoma City to a design by Holger George Thuesen and Gerald A. Hale patented by Carl Magee.[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]
- November 6
- Edwin H. Armstrong presents his paper on FM broadcasting, "A Method of Reducing Disturbances in Radio Signaling by a System of Frequency Modulation", to the New York section of the Institute of Radio Engineers.
- First flight of the Hawker Hurricane British fighter aircraft, designed by Sydney Camm.
Awards
Births
- February 15 - Roger B. Chaffee (died 1967), astronaut.
- June 25 - Charles Sheffield (died 2002), science fiction author and physicist.
- August 3 - Georgi Shonin (died 1997), cosmonaut.
- September 11 - Gherman Titov (died 2000), cosmonaut.
- November 11 - Magdi Yacoub, cardiothoracic surgeon.
Deaths
- March 12 - Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin (born 1858), physicist.
- July 3 - André Citroën (born 1878), automobile manufacturer.
- December 4 - Charles Richet (born 1850), winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.
- November 6 - Henry Fairfield Osborn (born 1857), paleontologist.
- Agnes Pockels (born 1862), chemist.
References
- ↑ Trossarelli, L. (2010). "the history of nylon". Club Alpino Italiano, Centro Studi Materiali e Tecniche. Archived from the original on 2012-03-01. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
- ↑ Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2007), "Emerson, Gladys Anderson", Encyclopedia of World Scientists, p. 211, ISBN 1438118821
- ↑ "Color Movies Easy To Make With Aid Of New Film". Popular Mechanics. June 1935. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ↑ Wadley, Carma (1999-06-25). "Range of Color: Kodachrome Basin Lives up to Name it Got by Accident". Deseret News. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
- ↑ Tomsho, Robert (2009-06-23). "Kodak to Take Kodachrome Away". The Wall Street Journal. p. B6. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
- ↑ "Leopold Godowsky, Jr.". Invent.org. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
- ↑ "Leopold Mannes". Invent.org. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
- ↑ Tansley, A. G. (1935). "The use and abuse of vegetational terms and concepts". Ecology 16 (3): 284–307. doi:10.2307/1930070. JSTOR 1930070. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
- ↑ The term ecosystem was coined by Arthur Roy Clapham at Tansley's request. Willis, A. J. (1997). "The Ecosystem: An Evolving Concept Viewed Historically". Functional Ecology 11 (2): 268–271. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.1997.00081.x. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
- ↑ Helmenstine, Anne Marie (2011-09-03). "This Day in Science History - September 4 - Hans Zinsser". About.com. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
- ↑ American Journal of Mathematics 58 (1935) pp. 345–363.
- ↑ Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
- ↑ Zipf, George K. (1935). The Psychobiology of Language. Houghton-Mifflin.
- ↑ Lesch, J. E. (2007). The first miracle drugs: how the sulfa drugs transformed medicine. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 82–86. ISBN 978-0-19-518775-5.
- ↑ "Passive Covert Radar - Watson-Watt's Daventry Experiment Revisited". IET. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- ↑ "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?"
- ↑ Schrödinger, Erwin (November 1935). "Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik". Naturwissenschaften.
- ↑ Yvon, J. (1935). Theorie Statistique des Fluides et l'Equation et l'Equation d'Etat. Actes scientifique et industrie, 203. Paris: Hermann.
- ↑ Maxwell, D. B. S. (1993). "Beer Cans: A Guide for the Archaeologist". Historical Archaeology 27 (1). Retrieved 2013-12-12.
- ↑ United States patent #2,118,318 for a "coin controlled parking meter" filed 13 May 1935.
- ↑ "Inglewood Did Not Invent The Parking Meter". Inglewood, California. Archived from the original on 2012-02-19. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
- ↑ "POM Parking Meters". Retrieved 2012-02-17.
- ↑ "Coin-in-Slot Parking Meter Brings Revenue to City". Popular Mechanics: 519. October 1935. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
- ↑ "70 Years Ago – Tick Tick Tick". Smithsonian: 18. May 2008.
- ↑ Crossen, Cynthia (2007-07-30). "When Parallel Parking Was New and Meters Seemed Un-American". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
- ↑ The History Channel. History's Lost and Found.
- ↑ Chan, Sewell (2006-12-20). "New York Retires Last Mechanical Parking Meter". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
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