1923 in science
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The year 1923 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Aeronautics
- Juan de la Cierva invents the autogyro, a rotary-winged aircraft with an unpowered rotor.
Astronomy
- October 21 - First official public showing of a planetarium projector, a Zeiss model at the Deutsches Museum in Munich.[1]
Biology
- Karl von Frisch publishes "Über die ‚Tiersprache|Sprache‘ der Bienen. Eine tierpsychologische Untersuchung" ("On the 'language' of bees: an examination of animal psychology").[2]
Chemistry
- Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy publish their discovery of the transition metal element hafnium (72Hf) in zirconium ore, working in Copenhagen (Latin: Hafnia).[3][4]
- Niels Bohr and Dirk Coster, working in Copenhagen, produce a paper on X-ray spectroscopy and the periodic system of the elements.[5]
- Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall's textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Reactions is influential in the replacement of the concept of chemical affinity by free energy.[6]
Cryptography
- Enigma machine first produced commercially.[7]
Electronics
- Otto Julius Zobel of Bell Labs describes the type of signal processing filter sections based on the image impedance design principle which will become known as Zobel networks.[8]
- December 29 - Vladimir K. Zworykin files his first patent (in the United States) for "television systems".
Exploration
Medicine
- February - The Maudsley Hospital, established jointly by the London County Council and Henry Maudsley, admits its first psychiatric patients.
- First vaccine for Diphtheria
Paleontology
- July 13 - An American Museum of Natural History expedition to Mongolia under Roy Chapman Andrews is the first in the world to discover fossil dinosaur eggs. Initially thought to belong to the ceratopsian Protoceratops, they are determined in 1995 actually to belong to the theropod Oviraptor.[9]
Physics
- Arthur Eddington publishes the textbook The Mathematical Theory of Relativity in Cambridge.
Awards
- Nobel Prizes
- Copley Medal: Horace Lamb
- Wollaston Medal for Geology: William Whitaker
Births
- January 1 - Daniel Gorenstein (died 1992), mathematician.
- February 13 - Chuck Yeager, pilot.
- March 4 - Patrick Moore (died 2012), astronomer.
- March 9 - Walter Kohn, physicist.
- April 2 - G. Spencer-Brown, mathematician.
- April 23 - Walter Pitts (died 1969), logician and cognitive psychologist.
- July 23 - Ulf Grenander, Swedish mathematician.
- July 31 - Stephanie Kwolek, polymer chemist.
- September 9 - Daniel Carleton Gajdusek (died 2008), virologist.
- September 13 - Miroslav Holub (died 1998), immunologist and poet.
- November 18 - Alan Shepard (died 1998), astronaut.
Deaths
- February 10 - Wilhelm Röntgen (born 1845), physicist, discoverer of X-rays, Nobel laureate.
- February 24 - Edward Morley (born 1838), chemist.
- March 8 - Johannes Diderik van der Waals (born 1837), physicist.
- March 27 - James Dewar (born 1842), chemist.
- July 16 - Sydney Mary Thompson (born 1847), geologist and botanist.
- August 23 - Hertha Ayrton (born 1854), electrical engineer.
- October 3 - Kadambini Ganguly (born 1861), physician.
- December 2 - Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen (born 1834), surveyor, geologist and naturalist.
- December 7 - Sir Frederick Treves (born 1853), surgeon.
- December 27 - Gustave Eiffel (born 1832), structural engineer.
References
- ↑ Chartrand, Mark (September 1973). "A Fifty Year Anniversary of a Two Thousand Year Dream (The History of the Planetarium)". The Planetarian (International Planetarium Society) 2 (3). ISSN 0090-3213. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
- ↑ Zoologische Jahrbücher (Physiologie) 40: pp. 1–186.
- ↑ Coster, D.; Hevesy, G. (20 January 1923). "On the Missing Element of Atomic Number 72". Nature 111 (2777): 79. Bibcode:1923Natur.111...79C. doi:10.1038/111079a0.
- ↑ Hevesy, G. (1925). "The Discovery and Properties of Hafnium". Chemical Reviews 2: 1. doi:10.1021/cr60005a001.
- ↑ Bohr, N.; Coster, D. (December 1923). "Röntgenspektren und periodisches System der Elemente". Zeitschrift für Physik A 12 (1): 342–374. Bibcode:1923ZPhy...12..342B. doi:10.1007/BF01328104.
- ↑ According to chemistry historian Henry M. Leicester.
- ↑ Singh, Simon (1999). The Code Book: the Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography. London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 1-85702-879-1.
- ↑ Zobel, O. J. (1923). "Theory and Design of Uniform and Composite Electric Wave Filters". Bell Systems Technical Journal 2: 1–46.
- ↑ Fastovsky, David. "Life and Death in a 70 Million-Year-Old Sand Sea". Retrieved 2011-02-14.
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