1894 Paris–Rouen

For the world's first 'city to city' bicycle race in 1869 see Paris–Rouen

Jules-Albert, Comte de Dion finished first in a steam powered De Dion tractor towing une Calèche, but was not eligible for the prize.

Albert Lemaître (pictured on left) finished second in a 3 hp Peugeot but was judged the winner. Bicycle and tyre manufacturer Adolphe Clément-Bayard was the front passenger.

Paris–Rouen, Le Petit Journal Competition for Horseless Carriages (Concours du 'Petit Journal' Les Voitures sans Chevaux), was a pioneering city-to-city motoring competition in 1894. Some anglophone sources call it a race, a rally or a trial, and it is sometimes described as the world's first competitive motor race although the initial announcement stated that "it will not be a race".^{[2][Notes 1]}

The competition was organised by the newspaper Le Petit Journal and run from Paris to Rouen in France on 22 July 1894. It was preceded by four days of vehicle exhibition and qualifying events that created great crowds and excitement. The eight 50 km (31 mi) qualifying events started near the Bois de Boulogne and comprised interwoven routes around Paris to select the entrants for the 127 km (79 mi) main event.

The first driver across the finishing line at Rouen was Jules-Albert, Comte de Dion but he did not win the main prize because his steam vehicle needed a 'stoker' and was thus ineligible. The fastest petrol powered car was a 3 hp (2.2 kW; 3.0 PS) Peugeot driven by Albert Lemaître. The premier prize, the 5,000 franc Prix du Petit Journal, for 'the competitor whose car comes closest to the ideal' was shared equally by manufacturers Panhard et Levassor and The sons of Peugeot brothers, with vehicles that were 'easy to use'.^[3][4][5][6]

1894 – Paris to Rouen

Scene of the 1894 Paris Rouen Concours du 'Petit Journal' Les Voitures sans Chevaux on the front page of Le Petit Journal 5 August 1894. Car 27 is a Peugeot Type 5 driven by Louis Rigoulot.

Auguste Doriot, finished third in a Vis a vis (Face to face) 3 hp Peugeot.^[1]

Panhard-Levassor (1890–1895), similar to Paul Panhard's fourth place finisher.

Émile Kraeutler finished 6th in a 3hp Peugeot.

Michaud finished 9th in the 3 hp Peugeot phaeton.

Michaud passes through a busy street in Mantes-la-Ville, racing amongst horses and pedestrians, en route to Rouen where he finished 9th in the 3 hp Peugeot phaeton.

1894 Paris-Rouen Serpollet Steamer No 44 DNF (Leon Serpollet is 3rd from left)

Organisation

In 1894, Pierre Giffard organised the world's first motoring competition from Paris to Rouen to publicise his newspaper, Le Petit Journal, stimulate interest in motoring and develop French motor manufacturers. Sporting events were a tried and tested form of publicity stunt and circulation booster. The paper promoted it as 'Le Petit Journal' Competition for Horseless Carriages ('Le Petit Journal' Concours des Voitures sans Chevaux) that were not dangerous, easy to drive, and cheap during the journey, the main prize being for the competitor whose car comes closest to the ideal. The announcement in Le Petit Journal on 19 December 1893 expressly denied that it would be a race - ce ne sera pas une course. The easy to drive clause effectively precluded from the prizes any vehicles needing a travelling mechanic or technical assistant such as a stoker.^[2][3]

Le Petit Journal announced prize money totalling 10,000 gold francs – 5,000 for first place, 2,000 for second, 1,500 for third; 1,000 for fourth, and 500 for fifth. The main prize was for the first eligible vehicle across the finish line in Rouen.^[2]

Entrants

See full list of 102 entrants.

102 people paid the 10 franc entrance fee. They ranged from practical manufacturers like Peugeot, Panhard, de Dion-Bouton and Serpollet to amateur owners and 'over-ambitious concepts'. 78 entrants did not show up for qualifying on 18 July, these included circa 25 powered by unfamiliar and improbable technologies such as 'gravity – nine; 'compressed air' – five; 'automatic' – three; electricity – three; gas – three; hydraulics – two; liquid, pedals, propellers and levers. Additionally 19 petrol powered designs and 26 steam powered cars, quadricycles and tricycles did not show up at the qualifying event.^[3][4][7]

Qualifying

Qualifying was held on 19–21 July 1894, and was preceded by a public exhibition of 26 cars in the Bois de Boulogne on 18 July. Journalists reported great crowds and excitement throughout the routes, and at Précy-sur-Oise they finished through a triumphal arch. On 19 July 26 cars lined the side of the Boulevard Maillot, stretching to the Bois de Boulogne, each parked 10 m (33 ft) apart until, at 8am, the first car led off, followed at 15 second intervals by the others. The 50 km (31 mi) qualifying event had to be completed in under three hours to be eligible to start the main event, the 127 km (79 mi) race from Paris to Rouen; 21 were selected for the main event.^[3][7][8]

Qualifying was used as a major publicity tool for both the event and the newspaper for our readers who want to see the cars on the roads around Paris. The 22 vehicles were split into five groups who completed complex interwoven tours of Paris and its environs, including Mantes-la-Jolie, Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Flins-sur-Seine, Poissy, Triel-sur-Seine, Rambouillet, Versailles, Dampierre-en-Yvelines, Corbeil-Essonnes, Palaiseau, Précy-sur-Oise, Gennevilliers and L'Isle-Adam, Val-d'Oise. The groups were carefully balanced to ensure each included petrol and steam, a Peugeot, a Panhard & Levassor, and different seating. It is noteworthy Le Petit Journal, on the morning of the event, still officially expected Monsieur Lemoigne and his gravity powered vehicle to participate, although he was included as an additional member of group 5.^[7]

The groups that set off from Porte Maillot on Thursday 19 July were:^[7]

• Itinerary 1 – Paris to Mantes-la-Jolie via Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Flins-sur-Seine:
  • No. 3 MM. de Dion, Bouton et Cie, break, 6 seats, steam. – Did not qualify for Paris-Rouen.
  • No. 13 MM. Panhard et Levassor, 4 seats, petrol. – qualified
  • No. 21 M. Letar, 4 seats, steam. – Did not qualify
  • No. 30 MM. Les fils de Peugeot frères, 3 seats, petrol - qualified

• Itinerary 2 – Paris to Mantes-la-Jolie via Poissy and Triel-sur-Seine:
  • No. 10 M. Scotte, 8–10 seats, steam. – qualified
  • No. 15 MM. Panhard et Levassor, 2 seats, petrol. – qualified
  • No. 25 M. Coqatrix, 4 seats, steam. – qualified
  • No. 28 MM. Les fils de Peugeot frères, 4 seats, petrol. – qualified
  • No. 44 M. de Prandieres, 6 seats, system Serpollet and petrol combined. – qualified

(Note - Le Petit Journal does not show an itinerary 3, presumably either a misprint or changed plan.)

• Itinerary 4 – Paris to Rambouillet via Versailles and Dampierre-en-Yvelines:
  • No. 7 M. Gautier, 4 seats, petrol. – qualified
  • No. 18 M. Archdeacon, 6–7 seats, steam. – qualified
  • No. 19 M. Le Blant, 8–10 seats, steam. – qualified
  • No. 42 M. Le Brun, 4 seats, petrol. – qualified

• Itinerary 5 – Paris to Corbeil-Essonnes via Versailles and Palaiseau:
  • No. 4 M. de Dion, victoria 4 people, steam. - qualified
  • No. 16 M. Quantin, 6 seats, petrol - did not qualify
  • No. 27 MM. Les fils de Peugeot frères, 2 seats, petrol - qualified
  • No. 29 MM. Les fils de Peugeot frères, 4 seats, petrol. – Did not qualify
  • No. 40 M Lemoigne, 4 seats, 'gravity powered'. Note – Did not show or was eliminated.

(Sources show 3 or 5 vehicles on this route and variance over qualification)

• Itinerary 6 – Paris to Précy-sur-Oise via Gennevilliers and L'Isle-Adam, Val-d'Oise:
  • No. 12 M. Tenting, 4 seats, petrol. Note – Did not qualify for Paris-Rouen.
  • No. 14 MM. Panhard et Levassor, 4 seats, (New type) petrol. – qualified
  • No. 24 M. Alfred Vacheron, 2 seats, petrol. – did not qualify until Saturday 21st
  • No. 31 MM. Les fils de Peugeot frères, break, 5 seats, petrol. – qualified

On Friday 20 July a second qualifying event was run over two routes.^[9]

• Itinerary 1 – Paris to Mantes-la-Jolie via Bezons, Houilles and Maisons-Laffitte.
  • No. 44 M. de Prandieres, 6 seats, system Serpollet and petrol combined - qualified
  • No. 60 M. Le Blant, Serpollet, 9 seats, steam - qualified
  • No. 64 M. Émile Mayade, Panhard et Levassor, 4 seats, petrol - qualified
  • No. 65 M. Albert Lemaître, Les fils de Peugeot frères, 4 seats, petrol - qualified

• Itinerary 2 – Paris to Corbeil-Essonnes
  • No. 61 M. Roger de Montais, De Montais, 2 seat tricycle, petrol - qualified
  • No. 85 M. Émile Roger, Benz, 2 seats, petrol - qualified

On Saturday 21 July a third qualifying event was run from Paris to Poissy.

• • No. 53 M. de Bourmont (de Bourmont, 4 seats, petrol) - qualified
  • No. 24 M. Alfred Vacheron, 2 seats, petrol - qualified

Race

At 8am on 22 July the 21 qualifiers started from Porte Maillot and went via the Bois de Boulogne, Neuilly-sur-Seine, Courbevoie, Nanterre, Chatou, Le Pecq, Poissy, Triel-sur-Seine, Vaux-sur-Seine, and Meulan, to Mantes where they stopped for lunch from 12:00 until 13:30, whence they set off to Vernon, Eure, Gaillon, Pont-de-l'Arche, and 'Champ de Mars' at Rouen.

Comte de Dion was first into Rouen after 6 hours 48 minutes at an average speed of 19 km/h (12 mph). He finished 3 min 30 sec ahead of Albert Lemaître (Peugeot), Auguste Doriot (Peugeot) (16 min 30 sec back), René Panhard (Panhard) (33 min 30 sec) and Émile Levassor (Panhard) (55 min 30 sec).^[3][5][8]

Prizes

On Tuesday 24 July Le Petit Journal announced the prizes :^[6]

• First prize, the Prix du Petit Journal for the competitor whose car comes closest to the ideal. 5,000 francs was shared equally between MM. Panhard et Levassor and 'Les fils de Peugeot Frères'.
• Second prize, the Prix Marinoni. 2,000 francs was awarded to MM. de Dion, Bouton et Cie for their interesting steam tractor that works like a horse and gives both absolute speed and pulling power up hills.
• Third prize, the Prix Marinoni. 1,500 francs was awarded to M. Maurice Le Blant for his nine seater vehicle poweered by the 'systeme Serpollet'.
• Fourth prize, the Prix Marinoni. 1,000 francs was shared between two manufacturers, MM. Alfred Vacheron (No. 24) and Le Brun (No. 42).
• Fifth prize, the Prix Marinoni. 500 francs was awarded to M. Roger (No. 85)

Results for Paris-Rouen

Table sources.^{[5][10][11][12]}

List of applicants

See also

• Peugeot Type 5
• Peugeot Type 6/7
• Peugeot Type 8
• 1895 Paris–Bordeaux–Paris
• 1896 Paris–Marseille–Paris

Notes

References

Other sources

• Gallica, Online Archive, Le Petit Journal Index
• Gallica, Online Archive, Le Petit Journal 19 December 1893 – Announcement
• Gallica, Online Archive, Le Petit Journal Wednesday 18 July 1894 – Selection I
• Gallica, Online Archive, Le Petit Journal Thursday 19 July 1894 – Selection report
• Gallica, Online Archive, Le Petit Journal Friday 20 July 1894 –
• Gallica, Online Archive, Le Petit Journal Saturday 21 July 1894 – Selection II
• Gallica, Online Archive, Le Petit Journal Sunday 22 July 1894 – Race day
• Gallica, Online Archive, Le Petit Journal Monday 23 July 1894 – Report
• Gallica, Online Archive, Le Petit Journal Tuesday 24 July 1894 – Prizes
• Gallica, Online Archive, Le Petit Journal Supplement du Dimanche. Illustre. – index
• Gallica, Online Archive, Le Petit Journal 6 August 1894
• Gallica, Online Archive, Le Petit Journal 6 August 1894. Leaf through the magazine. :)
• The Early History of Motoring by Claude Goodman Johnson

Gallery

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1894 Paris-Rouen race.

• CC Organisation – Course Paris-Rouen
• European Motoring Museum, Drawing of the 1894 Panhard & Levassor, number 64 driven by Émile Mayade, equipped with "four-poster" draperies.
• First Competition of the Vehicles Without Horses