1876 in science
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The year 1876 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Biology
- Robert Koch demonstrates that Bacillus anthracis is the source of anthrax, the first bacterium conclusively shown to cause disease.[1]
- Koller's sickle in avian gastrulation is first described by August Rauber.
- Francis Galton invents the silent dog whistle.[2]
Chemistry
- Josiah Willard Gibbs publishes On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, a compilation of his work on thermodynamics and physical chemistry which lays out the concept of free energy to explain the physical basis of chemical equilibria.[3]
Exploration
- May 24 - End of the Challenger expedition.[4]
Mathematics
- Édouard Lucas demonstrates that 127 is a Mersenne prime, the largest that will be recorded for seventy-five years.[5] He also shows that the Mersenne number 267 − 1, or M67, must have factors.
Medicine
- David Ferrier publishes The Functions of the Brain.
- William Macewen demonstrates clinical diagnosis of the site of brain tumors and performs the first successful intercranial surgery.
- Patrick Manson begins studying filariasis infection in humans.
Technology
- March 7 - Alexander Graham Bell is granted a patent for the telephone.[6]
- March 10 - Alexander Graham Bell makes the first successful bi-directional telephone call, saying "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you".
- Nikolaus Otto builds the first successful four-stroke engine using the Otto cycle.
- Francis Edgar Stanley of Newton, Massachusetts, patents an atomizing paint distributor, a form of airbrush.[7]
Institutions
- October 4 - First classes begin at the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas.[8]
- Elizabeth Bragg becomes the first woman to graduate with a civil engineering degree in the United States, from University of California, Berkeley.[9]
Awards
Births
- January 5 - Lucien Bull (died 1972), pioneer in chronophotography.
- January 23 - Otto Diels (died 1954), Nobel Prize winner in chemistry.
- February 15 - E. H. "Chinese" Wilson (died 1930), plant collector.
- April 22 - Robert Bárány (died 1936), Nobel Prize winner in medicine.
- June 13 - William Sealy Gosset (died 1937), statistician.
- October 3 - Gabrielle Howard née Matthaei (died 1930), plant physiologist.
- November 9 - Hideyo Noguchi (died 1928), bacteriologist.
Deaths
- November 26 - Karl Ernst von Baer (born 1792), naturalist.
References
- ↑ Koch, R. (1876). "Die Ätiologie der Milzbrand-Krankheit, begründet auf die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Bacillus anthracis". Cohns Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen 2 (2): 277–310. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
- ↑ Galton, Francis (1883). Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development. pp. 26–27.
- ↑ O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E.F. (1997). "Josiah Willard Gibbs". MacTutor. School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland. Retrieved 2007-03-24.
- ↑ Rice, A. L. (1999). "The Challenger Expedition". Understanding the Oceans: Marine Science in the Wake of HMS Challenger. London: Routledge. pp. 27–48. ISBN 978-1-85728-705-9.
- ↑ Caldwell, Chris. "The Largest Known Prime by Year: A Brief History". Retrieved 2011-12-30.
- ↑ United States patent #174,466.
- ↑ United States patent #182,389.
- ↑ Dethloff, Henry C. "Texas A&M University". The Handbook of Texas Online (Texas State Historical Association). Retrieved 2011-11-18.
- ↑ "WEP Milestones". Berkeley Engineering. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
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