1836

Year 1836 (MDCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar and a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar.

March 2: Texas.

Events

January–March

• January 1 – Queen Maria II of Portugal marries Prince Ferdinand Augustus Francis Anthony of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
• January 5 – Davy Crockett arrives in Texas.
• January 12 – HMS Beagle with Charles Darwin reaches Sydney.
• January 18 – Dade County, Florida, is formed.
• February 8 – London and Greenwich Railway opens its first section, the first railway in London, England.^[1]
• February 23 – The Alamo begins with an American settler army surrounded by the Mexican Army under Santa Anna.
• February 25 – Samuel Colt receives a United States patent for the Colt revolver, the first revolving barrel multishot firearm.
• March 1
  • Antonio García Gutiérrez's play El Trovador is performed for the first time in Madrid, Spain.
  • Convention of 1836: Delegates from many Texas communities gather in Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas, to deliberate independence from Mexico.

March 6: Battle of the Alamo.

• March 2 – Convention of 1836: The Texas Declaration of Independence is signed by 60 delegates and the Republic of Texas is declared.^[2]
• March 6 – The Battle of the Alamo ends; 182 Anglo-Saxon settler soldiers die in a struggle with approximately 5,000 Mexican soldiers.^[3]
• March 17 – Convention of 1836: Delegates adopt the Constitution of the Republic of Texas, modeled after the United States Constitution. It allows slavery, requires free blacks to petition Congress to live in the country, but prohibits import of slaves from anywhere but the United States.^[4]
• March 27 – United States Survey of the Coast returned to U.S. Treasury Department; renamed U.S. Coastal Survey.
• March 27 – 342 Texan prisoners are shot and killed in the Goliad Massacre along with Texan General James Walker Fannin by Mexican troops in Goliad near the Presidio La Bahia during the Texas Revolution.
• March – First monthly part of Charles Dickens' The Pickwick Papers ("The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club..., edited by Boz") published in London.

April–June

• April 20 – The Territory of Wisconsin is created.
• April 21 – Battle of San Jacinto: Mexican forces under General Santa Anna are defeated at San Jacinto, Texas.
• April 22 – Texas Revolution: Forces under Texas General Sam Houston capture Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna.
• May 7 – The settlement of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, is elevated to the royal status of villa by the government of Spain.

April 21: Battle of San Jacinto.

• May 15 – Francis Baily, during an eclipse of the sun, observes the phenomenon named after him as Baily's beads.
• May 19 – Fort Parker massacre: Among those captured by Native Americans is nine-year-old Cynthia Ann Parker; she later gives birth to a son named Quanah, who becomes the last chief of the Comanche.
• June 15 – Arkansas is the 25th state admitted into the United States of America.

July–September

• July 13 – The first numbered U.S. Patent 1 (after filing 9,957 unnumbered patents) is granted, to John Ruggles for improvements to railroad steam locomotive tires.
• July 20 – Charles Darwin climbs Green Hill on Ascension Island.
• July 21 – The Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad opens between St. John and La Prairie, Quebec, the first steam-worked passenger railroad in British North America.
• July 27 – Adelaide, South Australia, is founded.
• July 30 – The first English language newspaper is published in Hawaii.
• August 17 – Marriage Act in the United Kingdom establishes civil marriage and registration systems that permit marriages in nonconformist chapels, and a Registrar General of Births, Marriages, and Deaths.^[5][6]
• August 30 – The city of Houston, Texas, is founded.
• September 1 – Rebuilding begins at the Hurva Synagogue in Jerusalem.
• September 5 – Sam Houston is elected as the first president of the Republic of Texas.

Sam Houston.

Darwin.

• September 11 – Rio-Grandense Republic is proclaimed in South America.

October–December

October 2: Darwin returns aboard HMS Beagle.

• October 2 – Charles Darwin returns to England aboard HMS Beagle with biological data he will later use to develop his theory of evolution, having left South America on August 17.
• October 13 – Theodor Fliedner, a Lutheran minister, and Friederike, his wife, open the Deaconess Home and Hospital at Kaiserswerth, Germany, as an institute to train women in nursing.
• October 22 – Sam Houston is inaugurated as first elected President of the Republic of Texas.
• October 24 – The earliest United States patent for a phosphorus friction match is granted to Alonzo Dwight Phillips of Springfield, Massachusetts.
• October 25 – Construction begins on the Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad in North Carolina. Due to a lack of support in Raleigh, the route is revised to run from Wilmington to the Petersburg Railroad in Weldon.^[7]
• December 4 – Whig Party holds its first national convention, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
• December 7 – United States presidential election, 1836: Martin Van Buren defeats William Henry Harrison.
• December 15 – The United States Patent Office burns in Washington, D.C.
• December 26 – The colony of South Australia is officially proclaimed (now celebrated in the state of South Australia as Proclamation Day).
• December 27 – Lewes avalanche: An avalanche at Lewes in Sussex, England, kills eight of fifteen people buried when a row of cottages is engulfed in snow.
• December 28 – Spain recognizes the independence of Mexico.
• December 28 – Colony of South Australia founded by Captain John Hindmarsh
• December 30 – In Saint Petersburg, the Lehman Theater catches fire, killing 800 people.

Date unknown

• The first printed literature in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic is produced by Justin Perkins, an American Presbyterian missionary in Persia.
• The New Board brokerage group is founded in New York City.
• James Peter Allaire's company, the Howell Works, is at its peak.
• Eugène Schneider and his brother Adolphe Schneider purchase a bankrupt ironworks near the town of Le Creusot in the Burgundy region of France and found the steelworks and engineering company Schneider Frères & Cie.
• George Catlin ends his 6-year tour of 50 tribes in the Dakota Territory.
• Chatsworth Head found near Tamassos on Cyprus.^[8]

Births

January–June

• January 2 – Mendele Moykher Sforim, Russian Yiddish writer (d. 1917)
• January 10 – Charles Phillip Ingalls, Pioneer father of author Laura Ingalls Wilder (d. June 8, 1902)
• January 14 – Henri Fantin-Latour, French painter (d. 1904)
• January 27 – Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, Austrian writer (d. 1895)
• February 16 – Robert Halpin, Irish mariner and cable layer (d. 1894)
• February 18 – Ramakrishna Paramhansa, Bengali religious leader (d. 1886)
• February 21 – Léo Delibes, French composer (d. 1891)
• February 24 – Winslow Homer, American painter (d. 1910)
• March 12 – Isabella Beeton, British cook and expert on household management (d. 1865)
• March 20
  • Ferris Jacobs, Jr., American politician (d. 1886)
  • Sir Edward Poynter, French-born artist (d. 1919)
• April 27 – Major Charles Bendire, U.S. Army captain and ornithologist (d. 1897)
• May 23 – Touch the Clouds, native American chieftain of Teton Lakota Sioux.
• May 27 – Jay Gould, American financier (d. 1892)
• May 28
  • Alexander Mitscherlich, German chemist (d. 1918)
  • Friedrich Baumfelder, German composer, conductor, and pianist (d. 1916)
• May 31 – Jules Chéret, French printmaker (d. 1932)
• June 16 – Wesley Merritt, American general (d. 1910)

July–December

• July 8 – Joseph Chamberlain, British politician (d. 1914)
• July 9 – Camille de Renesse, Belgian Count (d. 1904)
• August 5 – John T. Raymond, American actor (d. 1887)
• August 13 – Bishop Nikolai of Japan, Russian Orthodox priest (d. 1912)
• August 25 – Bret Harte, American writer (d. 1902)
• September 7 – Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1908)
• September 10 – Joseph Wheeler, American general and politician (d. 1906)
• September 11 – Fitz Hugh Ludlow, American author (d. 1870)
• September 17 – William Jackson Palmer, founder of Colorado Springs, Colorado (d. 1909)
• September 26 – Thomas Crapper, plumber, inventor (d. 1910)
• October 15 – James Tissot, French artist (d. 1902)
• November 11 – Thomas Bailey Aldrich, American poet and novelist (d. 1907)
• November 18
  • W. S. Gilbert, British playwright and librettist best known for his collaborations with Arthur Sullivan (d. 1911)
  • Máximo Gómez, Cuban military leader (d. 1905)

Deaths

January–June

• January 1 – Bernhard Meyer, German physician and ornithologist (b. 1767)
• January 11 – John Molson, Canadian entrepreneur (b. 1763)
• January 21 – Ferenc Novák Hungarian Slovene writer (b. 1791)
• January 30 – Betsy Ross, Made the first American flag (b. 1752)
• January 31 – John Cheyne (physician), British physician, surgeon and author (b. 1777)
• February 18 – Cornplanter, Seneca chief (b. 1750)
• March 6 (at the Alamo)
  • Davy Crockett, American frontiersman, Congressman and soldier (b. 1786)
  • William Barret Travis Texan revolutionary (b. 1809)
  • James Bowie Texan revolutionary (b. 1796)
• March 16 – Nathaniel Bowditch, American mathematician (b. 1773)
• March 27 – James Fannin, Texas Revolutionary (b. 1804)
• April 7 – William Godwin, British writer (b. 1756)
• April 29 – Simon Kenton, frontiersman; American Revolutionary militia general (b. 1755)
• June 10 – André-Marie Ampère, physicist (b. 1775)
• June 28 – James Madison, 4th President of the United States (b. 1751)

July–December

• August 21 – Claude-Louis Navier, French engineer and physicist (b. 1785)
• August 26 – Jeremiah Colegrove, Continental Army officer (b. 1758)
• September 5 – Ferdinand Raimund, Austrian playwright (b. 1790)
• September 12 – Christian Dietrich Grabbe, German playwright (b. 1801)
• September 14 – Aaron Burr, Vice President of the United States (b. 1756)
• September 17 – Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, French botanist (b. 1748)
• November – Tenskwatawa, Shawnee prophet and political leader (b. 1775)
• November 5 – Karel Hynek Mácha, Czech poet (b. 1810)
• November 6 – King Charles X of France (b. 1757)
• November 16 – Christian Hendrik Persoon, Dutch mycologist (b. 1761)
• December 27 – Stephen F. Austin, American pioneer (b. 1793)

References