't kofschip
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The 't kofschip (Dutch pronunciation: [ət ˈkɔfsxɪp], the merchant-ship) or 't fokschaap rule is a mnemonic that determines the endings of a regular Dutch verb in the past simple indicative/subjunctive and the ending of the past participle. This rule should not be confused with the so-called T-rules (t-regels).
Rule
The rule goes as follows:
If the verb-root ends in one of the consonants of 't kofschip, being ⟨t⟩, ⟨f⟩, ⟨k⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨ch⟩, and ⟨p⟩ (or variants[1]), the past simple ends in -te and the past participle (voltooid deelwoord) in -t. If the verb-root ends in any other consonant or a vowel (except silent ⟨e⟩, see later), the past simple ends in -de and the past participle in -d.
For example:
| Verb | Meaning | Verb root | Past simple | Past participle |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| rusten | to rest | rust- | ik rustte | gerust |
| werken | to work | werk- | ik werkte | gewerkt |
| spelen | to play | speel- | ik speelde | gespeeld |
| leven | to live | leev- | ik leefde | geleefd |
| crashen | to crash | crash- | ik crashte | gecrasht |
| bingoën | to play bingo | bingoo- | ik bingode | gebingood |
| faxen | to fax | fax- | ik faxte | gefaxt |
Silent letters at end of root
The rule is expressed in spelling of the verbs, but is actually related to pronunciation. So if the spelled root ends in a silent letter, this letter should be ignored in applying the rule. This includes also the apostrophe ⟨'⟩ occurring in some verb spellings.
For example:
| Infinitive | Inf. pronunc. | Verb root | Past simple | Past simple pronunc. | Past participle | Past ptc. pronunc. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| timen (to time) | /ˈtɑimə(n)/ | time | ik timede | /ˈtɑimdə/ | getimed | /ɣəˈtɑimt/ |
| racen (to race) | /ˈreːsə(n)/ | race | ik racete | /ˈreːstə/ | geracet | /ɣəˈreːst/ |
| deleten (to delete) | /diˈliːtə(n)/ | delete | ik deletete | /diˈliːtə/ | gedeletet | /ɣədiˈliːt/ |
| sms'en (to send a text message) | /ɛsɛmˈɛsə(n)/ | sms | ik sms'te | /ɛsɛmˈɛstə/ | ge-sms't | /ɣə(ʔ)ɛsɛmˈɛst/ |
| gsm'en (to phone using a mobile phone) | /ɣeːɛsˈɛmə(n)/ | gsm | ik gsm'de | /ɣeːɛsˈɛmdə/ | ge-gsm'd | /ɣəɣeːɛsˈɛmt/ |
| petanquen (to play pétanque) | /peːˈtɑŋkə(n)/ | petanque | ik petanquete | /peːˈtɑŋktə/ | gepetanquet | /ɣəpeːˈtɑŋkt/ |
Notes
- ↑ ⟨x⟩ [ks] and ⟨sj⟩ [ʃ] can be regarded as ⟨s⟩-like sounds; ⟨q(u)⟩ = [k]
References
Further reading
- Noordegraaf, Jan (1997). Voorlopig verleden. Taalkundige plaatsbepalingen, 1797–1960 (in Dutch). Münster: Nodus Publikationen. pp. 215–17. ISBN 3-89323-276-1.
- Also as: Noordegraaf, Jan (1983). "Reilen en zeilen van 't kofschip". Onze Taal (in Dutch) 10: 125.
- van der Zwan, Kees (1998). "Wie bedacht ’t kofschip?". Onze Taal (in Dutch) 67 (6): 157.
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