Śāntarakṣita

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Śāntarakṣita (Sanskrit: शान्तरक्षित) (725–788)[1] was a renowned 8th century Indian Buddhist Brahmin and abbot of Nalanda University. Śāntarakṣita founded the philosophical school known as Yogācāra-Svatantrika-Mādhyamika, which united the Madhyamaka tradition of Nagārjuna, the Yogācāra tradition of Asaṅga and the logical and epistemological thought of Dharmakīṛti. He was also instrumental in the introduction of Buddhism and the Sarvastivadin monastic ordination lineage to Tibet which was conducted at Samye Monastery(bsam yas dgon pa).

Padmakara Translation Group (2005: p. 3) ground Shantarakshita's Dharma in Buddhism and the Hinduism from which it, Buddhism, seceded:

Shantarakshita's writings, lost for the most part in Sanskrit but preserved in Tibetan translation, give evidence of the encyclopedic range of his learning, which embraced all the religious and philosophical currents of his time, Hindu and Buddhist alike.

[2]

Nomenclature, orthography and etymology

Śāntarakṣita (Devanagari: शान्तरक्षित, also called Shantarakshita, Santaraksita, Santiraksita, Zhi-ba-tsho, and Acarya Bodhisattva[3])

where 'zhi ba' holds the semantic field: beatitude, quiescence, inner peace, tranquility, serenity and 'tsho' holds the semantic field: complexion, comportment.

History

There are few historical records of Śāntarakṣita, with most available material being from hagiographic sources. Some of his history is detailed in a 19th-century commentary by Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso drawn from sources like the Blue Annals, Büton, and Taranatha. Śāntarakṣita was the son of the king of Zahor.[4] Some identify 'Zahor' with a place in ancient Bengal [5]

Śāntarakṣita was brought to Tibet at the instigation of King Trisong Detsen sometime before 767 CE. One account details his first trip as unsuccessful and he spent six years in Nepal before returning to Tibet.[6] Once established in Tibet, Śāntarakṣita oversaw the translation of a large body of scriptures into Tibetan. He oversaw the construction of the first Buddhist monastery at Samye in 787 CE and ordained the first monastics there. He stayed at Samye Monastery for the rest of his life, another 13 years after its completion, and this was considered significant by Tibetans later that he stayed and did not return to India. It is said that he was kicked to death by a horse.[7] Also, in some accounts he left Tibet for a time due to the antipathy of followers of the traditional Bön tradition and interference from local spirits.
He then thought that a teacher possessed of super-natural powers and mystic charms would be able to move deeply the people of Tibet, steeped in sorcery exorcism and the like. Accordingly, he advised the King to invite the celebrated Buddhist teacher Padmasambhava to Tibet and subdue the Tibetan devils and demi-gods.[8]

Despite the legend, Padmasaṃbhāva was sent back to Nepel by Śāntarakṣita shortly after Padmasaṃbhāva's victory over Bön tradition.

His philosophic views were the main views in Tibet from the 8th century until it was mostly supplanted by Je Tsongkhapa's interpretation of Prasaṅgika Madhyamaka in the 15th century.[9] In the late 19th century, Ju Mipham attempted to promote his views again as part of the Rime movement and as a way to discuss specific critiques of Je Tsongkhapa's interpretation of Prasaṅgika.

Teachings

We know that Śāntarakṣita focused his early teachings in Tibet directed to the 'seven that were tested' upon the 'ten virtues' (Tibetan: དགེ་བ་བཅུ, Wylie: dge ba bcu ; Sanskrit: daśakuśala; Pali: dasa sikkhapadani or dasa sila[10]) and 'the chain of casual relation' (Sanskrit: pratītyasamutpāda). The ten virtues are the opposite of the 'ten non-virtues' (Tibetan: མི་དགེ་བ་བཅུ, Wylie: mi dge ba bcu ; Sanskrit: daśākuśala).[11]

Disciples

Views

Śāntarakṣita's synthesis of Madhyamaka, Yogacara, and Pramana was expounded in his text Madhyamākalaṃkāra. Within the Yogacara in that text he also included the Sautrantika and "consciousness-only" views specifically when referring to 'conventional truth', one of the two truths doctrine. His view is therefore categorized as "Yogacara-Svatantrika-Madhyamaka" by later Tibetans, but he did not refer to himself that way.

In his synthesis text, readers are advised to adopt Madhyamaka view and approach from Nagarjuna and Aryadeva when analyzing for ultimacy and to adopt the mind-only views of the Yogacarans Asanga and Vasubandhu when considering conventional truth. He also incorporates the logic approach of valid cognition and the Sautantrika views of Dignāga and Dharmakirti.

Śāntarakṣita is also known for his text Tattvasamgraha "Compendium on Reality", which is a more encyclopedic treatment of the major philosophic views of the time and survived in translation in both Tibet and China. A Sanskrit version of this work was discovered in 1873 by Dr. G. Bühler in the Jain Dharma temple of Parshva at Jaisalmer. This version contains also the commentary by Śāntarakṣita's pupil Kamalaśīla.

Madhyamakalamkara

For detailed discussion refer Madhyamakalamkara.

Ju Mipham's Revival of Śāntarakṣita's Tradition

In the 19th century, a movement funded by the secular authorities in Derge, Kham began to establish centers of learning encouraging the study of traditions different from the dominant Gelug tradition in central Tibet. This now called rime movement revitalized the Sakya, Kagyu, and Nyingma traditions who had been by almost supplanted by the Gelug hegemony.[12] As part of that movement the 19th century Nyingma scholar Ju Mipham wrote the first commentary in almost 400 years about Shantarakshita's Madhyamakalankara. According to his student Kunzang Palden, Mipham had been asked by his teacher Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo to write a survey of all the major Mahayana philosophic shastras for use in the Nyingma monastic colleges.[12] Mipham's commentaries now form the backbone of the Nyingma monastic curriculum. Shantarakshita's Madhyamakalankara, which was almost forgotten by the 19th century,[12] is now studied by all Nyingma shedra students.

See also

References

  1. ↑ stanford.edu: Śāntarakṣita (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
  2. ↑ Shantarakshita (author); Ju Mipham (commentator); Padmakara Translation Group (translators)(2005). The Adornment of the Middle Way: Shantarakshita's Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Shambhala Publications, Inc. ISBN 1-59030-241-9 (alk. paper): p.3.
  3. ↑ Murthy (1989) p.18-27, 41-43
  4. ↑ Shantarakshita & Ju Mipham (2005) pp.2-3
  5. ↑ Banglapedia, National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. "Shanta Rakkhit".
  6. ↑ Contribution of Indian Buddhists in Nepal
  7. ↑ Banerjee, 1982 P.5
  8. ↑ Banerjee, 1982 p. 3
  9. ↑ Shantarakshita & Ju Mipham (2005) pp.5-6, 12-16
  10. ↑
  11. ↑
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Shantarakshita & Ju Mipham (2005) pp.4-5

Sources

  • Banerjee, Anukul Chandra. Acaraya Santaraksita in Bulletin of Tibetology, New Series No. 3, p. 1-5. (1982). Gangtok, Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology and Other Buddhist Studies.
  • Blumenthal, James. The Ornament of the Middle Way: A Study of the Madhyamaka Thought of Shantarakshita. Snow Lion, (2004). ISBN 1-55939-205-3 - a study and translation of the primary Gelukpa commentary on Shantarakshita's treatise: Gyal-tsab Je's Remembering The Ornament of the Middle Way.
  • Doctor, Thomas H. (trans.) Mipham, Jamgon Ju. Speech of Delight: Mipham's Commentary of Shantarakshita's Ornament of the Middle Way. Ithaca: Snow Lion Publications (2004). ISBN 1-55939-217-7
  • Ichigō, Masamichi(ed. & tr.). Madhyamakālaṁkāra of śāntarakṣita with his own commentary of Vṛtti and with the subcommentary or Pañjikā of Kamalaśīla". Kyoto: Buneido (1985).
  • Jha, Ganganath (trans.) The Tattvasangraha of Shantaraksita with the Commentary of Kamalashila. 2 volumes. First Edition : Baroda, (G.O.S. No. Lxxxiii) (1939). Reprint ; Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, (1986).
  • Murthy, K. Krishna. Buddhism in Tibet. Sundeep Prakashan (1989) ISBN 81-85067-16-3.
  • Prasad, Hari Shankar (ed.). Santaraksita, His Life and Work. (Collected Articles from "All India Seminar on Acarya Santaraksita" held on August 3–5, 2001 at Namdroling Monastery, Mysore, Karnataka). New Delhi, Tibet House, (2003).
  • Phuntsho, Karma. Mipham's Dialectics and Debates on Emptiness: To Be, Not to Be or Neither. London: RoutledgeCurzon (2005) ISBN 0-415-35252-5
  • Shantarakshita (author); Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso (commentator); Padmakara Translation Group (translators)(2005). The Adornment of the Middle Way: Shantarakshita's Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Shambhala Publications, Inc. ISBN 1-59030-241-9 (alk. paper)
  • Sodargye, Khenpo (索达吉堪布) (trans.) . 中观庄严论释 (A Chinese translation of the Mipham's Commentary of Ornament of the Middle Way). online version

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