Đọc kinh

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Đọc kinh is the Vietnamese Catholic term for reciting a prayer or sacred text. In communal worship settings, đọc kinh is characterized by cantillation, a ritual chanting of prayers and responses.[1][2] Within the worldwide Catholic Church, the Vietnamese liturgy is distinctive in its extensive use of cantillation: all prayers and responses during the Mass are either sung or chanted, but never spoken.[2] Thus the Lord's Prayer is recited differently during the Mass than in a private setting. To Westerners, this form of prayer can be mistaken for song. Gregorian chant is not used in the Vietnamese-language Mass; indeed, it is entirely omitted from Vietnamese translations of the Roman Missal and Order of Mass.[3]

Vietnamese cantillation is neither composed nor improvised; it follows a formula in which each of the Vietnamese language's six tones corresponds to a specific note or sequence.[4] Depending on the diocese, tones are organized along a scale of two or three notes (dấu trụ).[5] For example, parishes in the former West Tonkin diocese use the three-note scale of fa-sol-la, so the beginning of the Hail Mary is rendered:[6]

{ \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } \relative g' { \autoBeamOff a8 f8 g8 g8 g8 f8 g8 a8 a8 a8 f8 f16[ g16] f8 f8 }  % Typographic acrobatics are required because the installed fonts lack support for Latin Extended-B and Latin Extended Additional. \addlyrics { Kính \markup { \concat { mù \translate #'(-0.4 . -0.2) ’ ng } } Ma -- ri -- a \markup { \concat { đâ \translate #'(-1 . 0.5) ` y } } \markup { \concat { o \translate #'(-0.4 . -0.2) ’ n } } phúc, \markup { \concat { Đú \translate #'(-0.4 . -0.2) ’ c } } Chúa \markup { \concat { Trò \translate #'(-0.4 . -0.2) ’ i } } \markup { \concat { o \translate #'(-0.9 . 1) \teeny ? \translate #'(0 . -0.3) ’ } } __ cùng Bà } }

It is suspected that cantillation in Lao and Hmong Catholic liturgies is due to Vietnamese influence. Cantillation is far from universal among tonal languages, but Fuzhou Catholics in Fujian have a similar practice.[3]

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References

  1. ↑ Kiều, Tùng Công (2009). A Project on Developing Catholic Liturgical Music in Vietnam (PDF) (S.T.M.). Boston University. pp. 71–72. Retrieved June 9, 2013. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Zaragoza, Rufino (November 2001). "The Sacred Sound of Đọc Kinh: Exploring the Sonic World of Vietnamese Chanting". Ministry & Liturgy (San Jose, California: Resource Publications). Retrieved June 9, 2013. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Nguyễn Xuân Thảo; Zaragoza, Rufino (March 1, 2012). "Doc Kinh: A Vietnamese Sonic Landscape". Pastoral Music (National Association of Pastoral Musicians). Retrieved June 9, 2013. 
  4. ↑ Reyes, Adelaida (1999). Songs of the Caged, Songs of the Free: Music and the Vietnamese Refugee Experience. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. 131–132. ISBN 1-56639-685-9. 
  5. ↑ Ngọc Kôn (2012). "Sáng tác Đáp ca & Đối ca" [Composing Responsoria & Antiphona] (PDF). Thánh Nhạc Ngày Nay (in Vietnamese) (Ho Chi Minh City): 12–13. 
  6. ↑ Khổng Vĩnh Thành. "Thánh Vịnh Đáp Ca: Hát, Ngâm, hay Đọc?" [Responsorial Hymns: Song, Declamation, or Recitation?] (PDF). Hương Trầm (in Vietnamese) (Archdiocese of Ho Chi Minh City) (11): 14–15. Retrieved June 10, 2013. 


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