Afrikaans

Afrikaans
Native to	South Africa Namibia Botswana Lesotho Swaziland
Region	Southern Africa
Native speakers	est. 6.44 million (home language) 6.75 million (second or third language) 12 to 16 million (basic language knowledge) estimation October 2007.  (date missing)
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic Low Franconian Dutch Afrikaans
Official status
Official language in	South Africa
Regulated by	Die Taalkommissie (The Language Commission of the South African Academy for Science and Arts)
Language codes
ISO 639-1	af
ISO 639-2	afr
ISO 639-3	afr

Look up Appendix:Afrikaans and Dutch Swadesh lists in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Afrikaans is an Indo-European language, derived from 17th century Dutch and classified as Low Franconian Germanic, mainly spoken in South Africa and Namibia, with smaller numbers of speakers in Botswana, Angola, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Zambia and Argentina. Due to emigration and migrant labour, there are possibly over 100,000 Afrikaans speakers in the United Kingdom, with other substantial communities found in Brussels, Amsterdam, Perth, Mount Isa, Toronto and Auckland. It is the primary language used by two related ethnic groups in South Africa: the Afrikaners and the Coloureds or kleurlinge or bruinmense (including Basters, Cape Malays and Griqua).

Geographically, the Afrikaans language is the majority language of the western one-third of South Africa ( Northern and Western Cape, spoken at home by 69% and 58%, respectively). It is also the largest first language in the adjacent southern third of Namibia ( Hardap and Karas, where it is the first language of 44% and 40%, respectively).

Afrikaans originated from the 17th century Dutch language. The dialect became known as ' Cape Dutch'. Later, Afrikaans was sometimes also referred to as 'African Dutch' or 'Kitchen Dutch', although these terms were mainly pejorative. Afrikaans was considered a Dutch dialect until the late 19th century, when it began to be recognised as a distinct language, and it gained equal status with Dutch and English as an official language in South Africa in 1925. Dutch remained an official language until the new 1961 constitution finally stipulated the two official languages in South Africa to be Afrikaans and English (although the 1961 constitution still had a sub-clause stipulating that the word "Afrikaans" was also meant to be referring to the Dutch language). It is the only Indo-European language of significance that underwent distinct development on the African continent. Afrikaans and Dutch are largely mutually intelligible.

History

Afrikaans was originally the dialect that developed among the Dutch speaking Protestant settlers, and the indentured or slave workforce of the Cape area in southwestern South Africa that was established by the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie — VOC, Afrikaans: Verenigde Oos-Indiese Kompanjie) between 1652 and 1705. A relative majority of these first settlers were from the United Provinces (now Netherlands), though there were also many from Germany, a considerable number from France, and some from Norway, Portugal, Scotland, and various other countries. The indentured workers and slaves were Asians, Malays, Malagasy in addition to the indigenous Khoi and Bushmen.

The Afrikaans School has long seen Afrikaans as a natural development from the South-Hollandic Dutch dialect, but has also only considered the Afrikaans as spoken by the Whites. Some believe that Afrikaans was originally spoken by the Khoisan people solely after using words they heard from the Dutch.

Though this 'theory' would imply the improbability of a language systematically developing out of a grammatology. Furthermore, this theory would fail to explain the systematic process of simplification from dialectical 17th century Dutch to Afrikaans, its geographically widespread and cohesive nature and also the persistent structural similarities between Afrikaans and other regional Franconic dialects including West Flemish and Zeelandic.

Afrikaans also remains akin to other West-Germanic languages (except English) in that it remains a V2 language which features verb final structures in subordinate clauses, just like Dutch and German.

Dialects

There is evidence to support the existence of a few strongly defined dialects as is also found in the Dutch language area. Following early dialectical studies of Afrikaans it was theorised that three main historical dialects probably existed before the Great Trek in the 1830s. These dialects are defined as the Northern Cape, Western Cape and Eastern Cape dialects. Remnants of these dialects still remain in present-day Afrikaans although the standardising effect of Standard Afrikaans has contributed to a great levelling of differences in modern times. Modern-day Standard Afrikaans itself is said to have developed from the Eastern Cape dialect (as this is where the Great Trek started and from where the rest of South Africa was initially populated).

Modern day Afrikaans could be said to include the following dialects:-

- Transvaal-Free State Afrikaans (being the most similar to Standard Afrikaans.)

- Malmesbury dialect (characterised by the uvular trill /ʀ/, similar to French)

- Cape Peninsula dialect spoken by the elderly these days and more similar to the so-called Cape Coloured dialects.

- Maleier Afrikaans (A Cape dialect heavily influenced by Arabic and Malay owing to the ethnicity of the speakers, see Cape Malays.)

- Kaapse Afrikaans

- Kalahari Afrikaans

- Griekwa Afrikaans

- Kharkhams Afrikaans

- Baster Afrikaans spoken in Namibia by the Basters of Rehoboth.

- Oorlams Afrikaans

There is also a prison cant known as soebela, or sombela which is based on Afrikaans yet heavily influenced by Zulu. This language is used a secret language in prison and is taught to initiates.

Owing to the mass emigration of mainly white South Africans post-1994 they may be up to a million Afrikaans speakers outside Southern Africa. There is at least one Afrikaans language newspaper in London, Die Stem. and Sydney has radio broadcasts in Afrikaans. This has given rise to the somewhat humorous idea of a dialect of " Buitelands" Afrikaans or " Sout-mielie" Afrikaans- usually influenced by English owing to the fact that most South Africans have emigrated to Anglophone countries. Afrikaans has become to many South Africans what Yiddish once was to the Jewish Community.

Standardisation

The linguist Paul Roberge suggests that the earliest 'truly Afrikaans' texts are doggerel verse from 1795 and a dialogue transcribed by a Dutch traveller in 1825. Printed material among the Afrikaners at first used only standard European Dutch. By the mid-19th century, more and more were appearing in Afrikaans, which was very much still regarded as a set of regional dialects.

In 1861, L.H. Meurant published his Zamenspraak tusschen Klaas Waarzegger en Jan Twyfelaar, which is considered by some to be the first authoritative Afrikaans text. Abu Bakr Effendi also compiled his Arabic Afrikaans Islamic instruction book between 1862 and 1869, although this was only published and printed in 1877. The first Afrikaans grammars and dictionaries were published in 1875 by the Genootskap vir Regte Afrikaners ('Society for Real Afrikaners') in Cape Town.

The First and Second Boer Wars further strengthened the position of Afrikaans. The official languages of the Union of South Africa were English and Dutch until Afrikaans was subsumed under Dutch on 5 May 1925.

The main Afrikaans dictionary is the Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (WAT), which is as yet incomplete due to the scale of the project, but the one-volume dictionary in household use is the Verklarende Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (HAT). The official orthography of Afrikaans is the Afrikaanse Woordelys en Spelreëls, compiled by the Taalkommissie.

The Afrikaans Bible

A major landmark in the development of Afrikaans was the full translation of the Bible into the language. Prior to this most Cape Dutch-Afrikaans speakers had to rely on the Dutch Statenbijbel. The aforementioned Statenvertaling had its origins with the Synod of Dordrecht 1637 and was thus in an archaic form of Dutch. This rendered understanding difficult at best to Dutch and Cape Dutch speakers moreover increasingly unintelligible to Afrikaans speakers.

C.P. Hoogehout, A.Pannevis and S.J. du Toit were the first Afrikaans Bible translators. Important landmarks in the translation of the Scriptures were in 1878 with C.P. Hoogehout's translation of the Evangelie volgens Markus ( Mark), however this translation was never published. The manuscript is to be found in the Nasionale Biblioteek van Suid-Afrika or South African National Library, Cape Town.

The first official Bible translation of the entire Bible into Afrikaans was in 1933 by Prof. J.D. du Toit, Prof. E.E. van Rooyen, Prof. J.D. Kestell, Dr. H.C.M. Fourie en Prof. B.B. Keet. This monumental work established Afrikaans as a " suiwer" and " oordentlike taal", i.e. a pure and suitable language for religious purposes, especially amongst the deeply Calvinist Afrikaans religious community that that had hitherto been somewhat sceptical of a Bible translation out of the original Dutch language to which they were accustomed.

In 1983 there was a fresh translation in order to mark the 50th anniversary of the original 1933 translation and provide much needed revision. The final editing of this edition was done by E.P. Groenewald, Prof. A.H. Van Zyl, Prof. P. A. Verhoef, Prof. J.L. Helberg and Prof. W. Kempen.

Afrikaans Version of the Lord's Prayer. Onse Vader.

Onse Vader wat in die hemele is, laat U naam geheilig word. Laat U koninkryk kom, laat U wil geskied, soos in die hemel net so ook op die aarde. Gee ons vandag ons daaglikse brood, en vergeef ons ons skulde, soos ons ook ons skuldenaars vergewe. En lei ons nie in versoeking nie, maar verlos ons van die bose. Want aan U behoort die Koninkryk en die krag en die heerlikheid, tot in ewigheid. Amen.

Classic Dutch Protestant version of the Lord's Prayer. Onze Vader'

Onze Vader die in de Hemelen zijt Geheiligd zij Uw Naam. Uw Rijk kome, Uw Wil geschiede op aarde als in de Hemel. Geef ons heden ons dagelijks brood en vergeef ons onze schulden gelijk ook wij vergeven aan onze schuldenaren. En leid ons niet in bekoring, maar verlos ons van het kwade. want van U is de Kracht en de Heerlijkheid in Eeuwigheid. Amen.

Grammar

Comparison with Dutch, German and English

Afrikaans	Dutch	German	English
agt	acht	acht	eight
aksie/handeling	actie/handeling	Aktion/Handlung	action
asseblief	alstublieft/alsjeblieft (colloquially 'asjeblieft')	bitte	please (lit. 'if it pleases you' - compare archaic ' lief', or French s'il vous plaît)
bed	bed	Bett	bed
dankie	dankje/dankjewel	danke	thank you
eggenoot	echtgenoot	Ehemann	spouse (from Old French)
goeienaand	goedenavond (colloquially 'goeienavond')	guten Abend	good evening
hoe	hoe	wie	how
kameelperd	giraf	Giraffe	giraffe
lughawe vliegveld	luchthaven vliegveld	Flughafen	airport (Latinate root)
my	mijn	mein	my
maak	maken	machen	make
nege	negen	neun	nine
oes	oogst	Ernte	harvest
oop	open	offen	open
oormôre	overmorgen	übermorgen	the day after tomorrow (lit. 'overmorrow')
reën	regen	Regen	rain
saam	samen	zusammen	together (compare 'same')
sê	zeggen	sagen	say
ses	zes	sechs	six
sewe	zeven	sieben	seven
skool	school	Schule	school
sleg	slecht	schlecht	bad (compare 'slight')
soos	zoals	wie	as, like, such
vir	voor	für	for
voël	vogel	Vogel	bird, fowl
vry	vrij	frei	free
vyf	vijf	fünf	five
waarskynlik	waarschijnlijk	wahrscheinlich	likely (alternate root), probably (Latin root)
welkom	welkom	willkommen	welcome
winter	winter	Winter	winter
ys	ijs	Eis	ice

Orthography

In Afrikaans many consonants are dropped from the earlier Dutch (see also the grammar section for a description of how consonant dropping affects the morphology of Afrikaans adjectives and nouns). This is a similar process to what happened with modern English. (compare: Afrikaans; regen=reën, and English; regn=rain.) The spelling is also considerably more phonetic than the Dutch counterpart. A notable feature is the indefinite article, which, as noted in the grammar section, is ′n , not 'een' as in Dutch. 'A book' is ' 'n boek', whereas in Dutch it would be 'een boek'. (Note that ' 'n ' is still allowed in Dutch; Afrikaans uses only ' 'n ' where Dutch uses it next to 'een'. When letters are dropped an apostrophe is mandatory. Note that this ′n is usually pronounced as a weak vowel ([ə]; like the Afrikaans 'i') and is not as a consonant. The Afrikaans word een is the number 'one'.

Other features include the use of 's' instead of 'z', and therefore, 'South Africa' in Afrikaans is written as Suid-Afrika, whereas in Dutch it is Zuid-Afrika. (This accounts for .za being used as South Africa's internet top level domain.) The Dutch letter ' IJ' is written as 'Y', except where it replaces the Dutch suffix —lijk, as in waarschijnlijk = waarskynlik. It is interesting to note that the use of the hard 'k' is analogous to the pronunciation in parts of West Flanders. Also noteworthy is that, although the first 90 VOC settlers came from Haarlem in the Northern Netherlands, the majority of the population of that city at that time consisted of Southern Dutch immigrants. (Recent academic research also points to Afrikaans probably being a modern perpetuation of an earlier Dutch dialect, Amsterdams (Paardekoper)).

The letters c, q and x are rarely seen in Afrikaans, and words containing them are almost exclusively borrowings from French, English, Greek, or Latin. This is usually because words that had c and ch in the original Dutch are spelt with k and g respectively in Afrikaans (in many dialects of Dutch (including the Hollandic ones), a g is prounced like a ch ( IPA /x/), which explains the use of the g in Afrikaans language). Similarly original qu and x are spelt kw and ks respectively. For example ekwatoriaal instead of 'equatoriaal' and ekskuus instead of 'excuus'.

Glyphs in loan words

Loan words from languages that use Latin characters, are loaned with glyphs intact. For example, letters from Scandinavian languages, like å, ä, ø, letters from Bantu languages, like ḓ, ṱ, ḽ, ṋ, ṅ, and letters from Esperanto, like ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, ŭ are retained in Afrikaans loan words, although writing these may represent difficulties for Afrikaans users of word processors and e-mail.

One exception is the Dutch digraph which looks like a 'y' with diaeresis (often called the 'long y' or the 'Greek y') and is usually typed as 'ij', which in Afrikaans becomes two separate letters 'i' and 'j' (rather than a 'y' with diaeresis, 'ÿ'). In Afrikaans, this digraph from Dutch loan words is always written as 'y', never as 'ij', except in proper nouns.

Diacritics

All letters in the Latin alphabet are acceptable in Afrikaans, although for non-loan words only the 26 letters of the English alphabet and certain vowels with diacritics are used.

The vowels with diacritics in non-loanword Afrikaans are: á, é, è, ê, ë, í, î, ï, ó, ô, ú, û, ý. These thirteen letters are pronounced the same way as their non-diacritic counterparts in isolation. For the purpose of alphabetic ordering, these diacritic letters are regarded as equivalent to their non-diacritic counterparts. It is not acceptable to replace them by their non-diacritic equivalents in situations where typing the diacritic forms may be difficult. In the early days of e-mail and on primitive computer systems, the diacritics were often left out or written next to the character, and computer illiterate users may still do so today.

When a sentence is written in the uppercase, the diacritic letters stay in the lowercase form.

Initial apostrophes

A few short words in Afrikaans take initial apostrophes. In modern Afrikaans, these words are always written in lower case (except if the entire line is uppercase), and if they occur at the beginning of a sentence, the next word is capitalised. Three examples of such apostrophed words are 't, 'k, 'n . The most common is 'n , which is the indefinite article, and the other two may soon be regarded as archaic.

'k Het hom lief (I love him)

similar to Dutch words: ik heb hem lief

'k 't Dit gesê (I said it)

similar to Dutch words: ik heb dit gezegd

'n Man loop daar (A man walks there)

similar to Dutch words: een man loopt daar

Daar is 'n man (There is a man)

similar to Dutch words: daar is een man

The apostrophe and the following letter are regarded as two separate characters, and is never written using a single glyph, although a single character variant of the indefinite article appears in Unicode, ʼn.

Some modern word processors have autocorrect features that incorrectly treat an apostrophe (also known as a 9-quote) at the beginning of a word as a single quote (also known as a 6-quote).

In non-stylised fonts, it is acceptable to use a straight quote for the apostrophe, and this is often done in electronic communication.

Table of characters

letter(s)	value(s) in IPA	notes
a	ʌ, a
aa	ɑː
aai	aə
au, ow	ou
b	b, p	'b' is pronounced 'p' in final position
ch	x
c	s, k	'c' is pronounced 's' before 'e', 'i', or 'y', otherwise 'k'
d	d, t	'd' is pronounced 't' in final position
dj	c
e	ɛ, iˑe, ə, æ	'e' is only /æ/ in a few words, and in the Cape Town dialect, /æ/ is merged with /ɛ/
ê	ɛː, æ	'ê' is pronounced /ɛ:/ in final position, otherwise /æ/, usually before 'r'
ee	iˑe
eeu	iːu
ei, ey, y	əi
eu	øː
f	f
g	x, g, ç
gh	g, k	'gh' is 'k' in final position
h	ɦ
i	i, ə
ie	i
ieu	iu
j	j
k	k
l	l
m	m
n	n, ŋ	'n' is 'ŋ' before 'c', 'k', 'q', and 'x', otherwise 'n'
ng	ŋ
ns		the 'n' is silent, and the previous vowel is nasalized
o	ɒ, uˑo
oe	u
oei	uiː
oi, oy	oj
oo	uˑo
ooi	ɔiː
p	p
q	k
r	ɾ
s	s
sj	ʃ
t	t
tj	tʃ, kj	'tj' is 'tʃ' at the beginning of a word, but 'kj' in '-tjie'
u	ɵ, y
uu	y
û	œː
ui, uy	œy
v	f
w	v, w	'w' is 'w' after a consonant, otherwise 'v'
x	ks
z	z

Afrikaans phrases

Afrikaans is a very centralised language, meaning that most of the vowels are pronounced in a very centralised (i.e. very schwa-like) way. Although there are many different dialects and accents, the transcription should be fairly standard.

• Hallo! Hoe gaan dit? [ɦaləu ɦu xaˑn dət] Hello! How are you? (more closely 'How goes it?')

Closely in Dutch: Hallo! Hoe gaat het?

• Baie goed, dankie. [bajə xuˑt danki] Very well, thanks.

Closely in Dutch: Vrij goed, dankje.

• Praat jy Afrikaans? [prɑˑt jəi afrikɑˑns] Do you speak Afrikaans?

Closely in Dutch: Praat jij Afrikaans?

• Praat jy Engels? [prɑˑt jəi ɛŋəls] Do you speak English?

Closely in Dutch: Praat jij Engels?

• Ja. [jɑˑ] Yes.
• Nee. [neˑə] No.
• 'n Bietjie. [ə biki] A little.

Closely in Dutch: Een beetje.

• Wat is jou naam? [vat əs jəu nɑˑm] What is your name?
• Die kinders praat Afrikaans. [di kənərs prɑˑt afrikɑˑns] The children are speaking Afrikaans.

Closely in Dutch: De kinderen praten Afrikaans.

Note:- The word Afrikaans means African (in the general sense) in the Dutch language. Although considered wrong, to avoid confusion the word Zuid-Afrikaans, lit. "South African", is sometimes used when referring to the Afrikaans language specifically. This problem also occurs in Afrikaans itself, resolved by using the words Afrika and Afrikaan to distuingish from Afrikaans(e) and Afrikaner respectively.

An interesting sentence having the same meaning and written (but not pronounced as it sounds more closely to Dutch) identically in Afrikaans and English is:

• My pen was in my hand. ([məi pɛn vas ən məi hɑnt])

Closely in Dutch: Mijn pen was in mijn hand.

Similarly the sentence:

• My hand is in warm water. ([məi hɑnt əs ən varəm vɑˑtər])

Closely in Dutch: Mijn hand is in warm water has almost identical meaning in Afrikaans and English although the Afrikaans warm corresponds more closely in meaning to English hot and Dutch heet (Dutch warm corresponds to English warm, but is closer to Afrikaans in pronunciation).

Die Stem van Suid Afrika

In May 1918, C.J. Langenhoven wrote an Afrikaans poem called Die Stem, for which music was composed by the Reverend Marthinus Lourens de Villiers in 1921. It was widely used by the South African Broadcasting Corporation in the 1920s, which played it at the close of daily broadcasts, along with God Save the King. It was sung publicly for the first time on 31 May 1928.

Die Stem van Suid-Afrika	The Call of South Africa	Literal translation from Afrikaans
First verse
Uit die blou van onse hemel,	Ringing out from our blue heavens,	From the blue of our heaven
Uit die diepte van ons see,	From our deep seas breaking round,	From the depths of our sea,
Oor ons ewige gebergtes	Over everlasting mountains,	Over our eternal mountain ranges
Waar die kranse antwoord gee.	Where the echoing crags resound,	Where the cliffs give answer
Deur ons vêr verlate vlaktes	From our plains where creaking wagons,	Through our far-deserted plains
Met die kreun van ossewa.	Cut their trails into the earth,	With the groan of ox-wagon
Ruis die stem van ons geliefde,	Calls the spirit of our country,	Rises the voice of our beloved,
Van ons land Suid-Afrika.	Of the land that gave us birth.	Of our country South Africa
Ons sal antwoord op jou roepstem,	At thy call we shall not falter,	We will answer to your calling,
Ons sal offer wat jy vra:	Firm and steadfast we shall stand,	We will sacrifice what you ask
Ons sal lewe, ons sal sterwe,	At thy will to live or perish,	We will live, we will die
Ons vir jou, Suid-Afrika.	O South Africa, dear land.	We for Thee, South Africa
Second verse
In die merg van ons gebeente,	In our body and our spirit,	In the marrow of our bones
in ons hart en siel en gees,	In our inmost heart held fast;	In our heart and soul and spirit
In ons roem op ons verlede,	In the promise of our future,	In the glory of our past
In ons hoop op wat sal wees.	And the glory of our past;	In our hope of what will be
In ons wil en werk en wandel,	In our will, our work, our striving,	In our will and work and wander,
Van ons wieg tot aan ons graf.	From the cradle to the grave-	From our crib to our grave
Deel geen ander land ons liefde,	There's no land that shares our loving,	Share no other land our love,
Trek geen ander trou ons af.	And no bond that can enslave.	Will no other win our trust.
Vaderland, ons sal die adel,	Thou hast borne us and we know thee,	Fatherland! We will bear the nobility
Van jou naam met ere dra:	May our deeds to all proclaim	Of your name with honour:
Waar en trou as Afrikaners,	Our enduring love and service	Dedicated and true as Afrikaners,
Kinders van Suid-Afrika.	To thy honour and thy name.	Children of South Africa
Third verse
In die songloed van ons somer,	In the golden warmth of summer,	In the sunglow of our summer,
in ons winternag se kou,	In the chill of winter's air,	In our winter nights so cold
In die lente van ons liefde,	In the surging life of springtime,	In the spring of our love,
in die lanfer van ons rou.	In the autumn of despair;	In the mourning of our loss
By die klink van huw'liksklokkies,	When the wedding bells are chiming,	At the sound of wedding bells,
by die kluit-klap op die kis.	Or when those we love do depart,	At the stonefall on the coffin.
Streel jou stem ons nooit verniet nie,	Thou dost know us for thy children	Soothes your voice us never in vain,
Weet jy waar jou kinders is.	And dost take us to thy heart	You know where your children are.
Op jou roep sê ons nooit nee nie,	Loudly peals the answering chorus;	At your call we never say no,
Sê ons altyd, altyd ja:	We are thine, and we shall stand,	We always, always say yes:
Om te lewe, om te sterwe -	Be it life or death, to answer	To live, to die -
Ja, ons kom, Suid-Afrika.	To thy call, beloved land.	Yes, we come South Africa
Fourth verse
Op U Almag vas vertrouend	In thy power, Almighty, trusting,	On your almight steadfast entrusted
het ons vadere gebou:	Did our fathers build of old;	Had our fathers built:
Skenk ook ons die krag, o Here!	Strengthen then, O Lord, their children	Give to us also the strength, o Lord!
Om te handhaaf en te hou.	To defend, to love, to hold-	To sustain and to preserve.
Dat die erwe van ons vadere	That the heritage they gave us	That the heritage of our fathers
Vir ons kinders erwe bly:	For our children yet may be;	For our children heritage remain
Knegte van die Allerhoogste,	Bondsmen only to the Highest	Servants of the almighty,
Teen die hele wêreld vry.	And before the whole world free.	Against the whole world free.
Soos ons vadere vertrou het,	As our fathers trusted humbly,	As our fathers had faith,
Leer ook ons vertrou, o Heer:	Teach us, Lord to trust Thee still;	Teach us as well to believe, o Lord:
Met ons land en met ons nasie	Guard our land and guide our people	With our land and with our nation
Sal dit wel wees, God regeer.	In Thy way to do Thy will.	Will it be well, God reigns.

Sociolinguistics

Afrikaans is the first language of approximately 60% of South Africa's Whites, and over 80% of the Coloured (mixed-race) population. The race with the highest number of Afrikaans speakers are the Coloureds(3 million), followed closely by whites (2.6 million). Some 200,000 black South Africans speak it as their home language. Large numbers of Bantu-speaking and English-speaking South Africans also speak it as their second language.

Some state that the term Afrikaanses should be used as a term for all people who speak Afrikaans, irrespective of ethnic origin, instead of 'Afrikaners', which refers to an ethnic group, or 'Afrikaanssprekendes' (lit. people that speak Afrikaans). Linguistic identity has not yet established that one term be favoured above another and all three are used in common parlance.

It is also widely spoken in Namibia, where it has had constitutional recognition as a national, but not official, language since independence in 1990. Prior to independence, Afrikaans, along with German, had equal status as an official language. There is a much smaller number of Afrikaans speakers among Zimbabwe's white minority, as most have left the country since 1980. Afrikaans was also a medium of instruction for schools in Bophuthatswana Bantustan .

Many South Africans living and working in Belgium, The Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom are also Afrikaans speakers; and there is now an Afrikaans newspaper in London, called Die Stem. New Zealand has an Afrikaans club which is based in Auckland and which organises Afrikaans dances and meetings ( http://www.afrikaans.org.nz/).

Afrikaans has been influential in the development of South African English. Many Afrikaans loanwords have found their way into South African English, such as ' bakkie' ('pickup truck'), ' braai' ('barbecue'), 'tekkies' ('sneakers'). A few words in standard English are derived from Afrikaans, such as 'aardvark' (lit. 'earth pig'), ' trek' ('pioneering journey', in Afrikaans lit. 'pull' but used also for 'migrate'), 'spoor' ('animal track'), 'veld' ('Southern African grassland' in Afrikaans lit. 'field'), 'boomslang' ('tree snake') and apartheid ('segregation'; more accurately 'apartness' or 'the state or condition of being apart').

In 1976, high school students in Soweto began a rebellion in response to the government's decision that Afrikaans be used as the language of instruction for half the subjects taught in non-White schools (with English continuing for the other half). Although English is the mother tongue of only 8.2 per cent of the population, it is the language most widely understood, and the second language of the majority of South Africans. Afrikaans is more widely spoken than English in the Northern and Western Cape provinces, several hundred kilometers from Soweto. The Black community's opposition to Afrikaans and preference for continuing English instruction was underscored when the government rescinded the policy one month after the uprising: 96% of Black schools chose English (over Afrikaans or native languages) as the language of instruction. Many historians argue that the language issue was a catalyst for the uprising rather than a major underlying cause (which was racial oppression). Others argue that the primary cause of the uprising was one specific aspect of the government's language instruction decision: that non-White (i.e., Black, Coloured and Indian) South African children be denied instruction in all but the most basic topics of mathematics, sciences, fine arts, etc. The government justified this policy by claiming that non-White South Africans would never have an occasion to use such knowledge; see History of South Africa.

Under South Africa's democratic Constitution of 1996, Afrikaans remains an official language, and has equal status to English and nine other languages. The new policy means that the use of Afrikaans is now often reduced in favour of English, or to accommodate the other official languages. In 1996, for example, the South African Broadcasting Corporation reduced the amount of television airtime in Afrikaans, while South African Airways dropped its Afrikaans name Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens from its livery. Similarly, South Africa's diplomatic missions overseas now only display the name of the country in English and their host country's language, and not in Afrikaans.

In spite of these moves (which have upset many Afrikaans speakers), the language has remained strong, with Afrikaans newspapers and magazines continuing to have large circulation figures. Indeed the Afrikaans language general interest family magazine Huisgenoot, has the largest readership of any magazine in the country. In addition, a pay-TV channel in Afrikaans called KykNet was launched in 1999, and an Afrikaans music channel, MK, in 2005. A large number of Afrikaans books are still published every year, mainly by the publishers Human & Rousseau, Tafelberg Uitgewers, Struik, and Protea Boekhuis.

Afrikaans music is also flourishing, from retro pop artist like Nicholis Louw, Eden, and Shine 4 to more forceful/avant garde outfits (Kobus!, Fokofpolisiekar, Buckfever Underground etc.) singing in the language.

Modern Dutch and Afrikaans share 85 plus per cent of their vocabulary. Afrikaans speakers are able to learn Dutch within a comparatively short period of time. Native Dutch speakers pick up written Afrikaans even more quickly, due to its simplified grammar, whereas understanding spoken Afrikaans might need more effort. Afrikaans speakers can learn a Dutch accent with little training. This has enabled Dutch and Belgian companies to outsource their call centre operations to South Africa .

Afrikaans has two monuments erected in its honour. The first was erected in Burgersdorp, South Africa, in 1893, and the second, better-known Afrikaans Language Monument (Afrikaanse Taalmonument) was built in Paarl, South Africa, in 1975.

Future for Afrikaans

The end of apartheid has meant a loss of government support for Afrikaans, in terms of education, social events, media (TV and Radio), and general status throughout the country, seeing as how it now shares its place as official language with ten other languages. Nevertheless, Afrikaans remains more prevalent in the media - radio, newspapers and television - than all the other official languages, except for English. More than 300 titles in Afrikaans are published per year . Further, some legal advertising is still provided in the Government Gazette bilingually, in English and Afrikaans.

Afrikaans is still viewed negatively by some. Through all the problems of depreciation and migration that Afrikaans faces today, the language still competes well, with Afrikaans DSTV channels (pay channels) and high newspapers and CD sales as well as popular internet sites.

Afrikaans Music

Afrikaans language music has a long history in South Africa, probably originating with the first songs that Dutch East India Company or V.O.C. sailors sang by the slopes of Table Mountain. The 19th century is probably when most of the tunes known to this day finally assumed their more or less modern forms. This was the period of the Great Trek, the Zulu Wars, The Boer Wars and the gold rush on the Witwatersrand, all factors that contributed to the formation of a South African, and chiefly, Afrikaans identity. This was of course reflected in the songs of the white and coloured South African peoples.

Afrikaans songs, old and new

- Jan Pierewiet, Jan Pierewiet, Jan Pierewiet staan stil. ('Jan Pierewiet, Jan Pierewiet, Jan Piereweit, stand still.')

- "Mamma, ek wil 'n man hê" ("Mum, I want to have a husband")

- " Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" (former national anthem - parts of which have been incorporated into the current anthem)

- " Aai Aai die Witborskraai" ('Oh, Oh the Pied Crow')

- "Afrikaners is plesierig" ('Afrikaners are fun')

- "De La Rey" (popular song by Bok van Blerk)

- " Kom Saam Met My" (Johannesburg-native alternative band Seether, formerly known as Saron Gas.)

- " Sarie Marais" (Sentimental Transvaal Boer War Song, also sung by the British Royal Marines)

- " Suikerbossie" ( Sugarbush ( a type of Protea flower) a traditional Afrikaans love song)

- "Hasie, hoeko' is jou stert so kort?" Typical Cape Coloured Afrikaans humorous song

- "Die Alabama" Cape Coloured Afrikaans song celebrating a confederate ship sailing to the Cape in the 1860s.

Afrikaans "Hip-Hop"

There is also a growing Afrikaans language Hip-Hop scene with a number of groups, mostly Cape Coloured in origin, having had success on the international scene, including:-

- Profets of da City

- Braase vannie Kaap

- Parliament

- Kallitz

- Terror MC

- Mr-H

Interestingly, these groups have had some success in The Netherlands where, owing to intelligibility between Afrikaans and Dutch, Kaapse Hip-Hop has become quite popular. Many of the groups sing about the harsh and unfair conditions under which Cape Coloured people have been forced to live in the past and also the continuing racism and discrimination they face in the New South Africa, mostly owing to the alleged nepotism of the ANC government at the expense of non-black communities in South Africa, i.e. white South Africans (especially Afrikaans-speakers).