Armenian alphabet

Armenian alphabet
Հայկական Այբուբեն
Type Alphabet
Languages Armenian
Creator Saint Mesrob, Vramshapuh the king of Armenia at that time (405 or 406),
Sahak Partev the Patriarch of Armenia
Time period 405 to present
Parent systems
modeled on Greek
  • possibly Pahlavi and Syriac influences
    • Armenian alphabet
      Հայկական Այբուբեն
Sister systems Latin
Cyrillic
Coptic
ISO 15924 Armn, 230
Direction Left-to-right
Unicode alias Armenian
Unicode range U+0530–U+058F,
U+FB13–U+FB17
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols.
This article contains Armenian text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Armenian letters.

The Armenian alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Armenian language since the year 405 or 406. It was devised by Saint Mesrop Mashtots, an Armenian linguist and ecclesiastical leader, and contained originally 36 letters. Two more letters, օ and ֆ, were added in the Middle Ages. Until the 19th century, Classical Armenian was the literary language; since then, the Armenian alphabet has been used to write the two official literary dialects of Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian. The Armenian word for "alphabet" is այբուբեն aybuben (Armenian pronunciation: [ɑjbubɛn]), named after the first two letters of the Armenian alphabet Ա այբ ayb and Բ բեն ben. Its directionality is horizontal left-to-right, like the Latin,[1] Greek and Cyrillic alphabets.

Contents

The alphabet

Letter Name Pronunciation Transliteration Numerical value
Traditional Reformed Pronunciation Classical Eastern Western Classical ISO 9985
Classical Eastern Western
Ա ա այբ [aɪb] [aɪpʰ] [ɑ] a 1
Բ բ բեն [bɛn] [pʰɛn] [b] [pʰ] b 2
Գ գ գիմ [ɡim] [kʰim] [ɡ] [kʰ] g 3
Դ դ դա [dɑ] [tʰɑ] [d] [tʰ] d 4
Ե ե եչ [jɛtʃʰ] [ɛ], word initially [jɛ]1 e 5
Զ զ զա [zɑ] [z] z 6
Է է է [ɛː] [ɛ] [ɛː] [ɛ] ē 7
Ը ը ըթ [ətʰ] [ə] ə ë 8
Թ թ թօ[2] թո [tʰo] [tʰ] tʿ t’ 9
Ժ ժ ժէ ժե [ʒɛː] [ʒɛ] [ʒ] ž 10
Ի ի ինի [ini] [i] i 20
Լ լ լիւն լյուն [lʏn] [ljun] [lʏn] [l] l 30
Խ խ խէ խե [χɛː] [χɛ] [χ] x 40
Ծ ծ ծա [tsɑ] [dzɑ] [ts] [dz] c ç 50
Կ կ կեն [kɛn] [ɡɛn] [k] [ɡ] k 60
Հ հ հօ[2] հո [ho] [h] h 70
Ձ ձ ձա [dzɑ] [tsʰɑ] [dz] [tsʰ] j 80
Ղ ղ ղատ [ɫɑt] [ʁɑt] [ʁɑd] [ɫ] [ʁ] ł ġ 90
Ճ ճ ճէ ճե [tʃɛː] [tʃɛ] [dʒɛ] [tʃ] [dʒ] č č̣ 100
Մ մ մեն [mɛn] [m] m 200
Յ յ յի հի [ji] [hi] [j] [h]2, [j] y 300
Ն ն նու [nu] [n] n 400
Շ շ շա [ʃɑ] [ʃ] š 500
Ո ո ո [o] [vo] [o], word initially [vo]3 o 600
Չ չ չա [tʃʰɑ] [tʃʰ] čʿ č 700
Պ պ պէ պե [pɛː] [pɛ] [bɛ] [p] [b] p 800
Ջ ջ ջէ ջե [dʒɛː] [dʒɛ] [tʃʰɛ] [dʒ] [tʃʰ] ǰ 900
Ռ ռ ռա [rɑ] [ɾɑ] [r] [ɾ] ṙ 1000
Ս ս սէ սե [sɛː] [sɛ] [s] s 2000
Վ վ վեւ վեվ [vɛv] [v] v 3000
Տ տ տիւն տյուն [tʏn] [tjun] [dʏn] [t] [d] t 4000
Ր ր րէ րե [ɹɛː] [ɾɛ]4 [ɹ] [ɾ]4 r 5000
Ց ց ցօ[2] ցո [tsʰo] [tsʰ] cʿ c’ 6000
Ւ ւ հիւն N/A5 [hʏn] [w] [v]6 w 7000
Փ փ փիւր փյուր [pʰʏɹ] [pʰjuɾ] [pʰʏɾ] [pʰ] pʿ p’ 8000
Ք ք քէ քե [kʰɛː] [kʰɛ] [kʰ] kʿ k’ 9000
Added during the thirteenth century
Օ օ օ [o] [o] ō ò N/A
Ֆ ֆ ֆէ ֆե [fɛː] [fɛ] [f] f N/A
Letter Traditional Reformed Classical Eastern Western Classical Eastern Western Classical ISO 9985 Numerical value
Pronunciation
Name Pronunciation Transliteration

Listen to the pronunciation of the letters in or in .

Notes

In the table above, the superscript "h" ([ʰ]) is the diacritic for aspiration in the International Phonetic Alphabet.

  1. As initial sound ye /jɛ/, in other respects e /ɛ/.
  2. Only in Traditional orthography when at the beginning of a word and for stems within a word.
  3. As initial sound vo /vo/, in other respects o /o/.
  4. Armenian Iranians (a subbranch of Eastern Armenians) pronounce this letter as [ɹ], like in Classical Armenian.
  5. In reformed orthography, this letter has been replaced with the digraph <ու> which represents [u].
  6. Usually it represents /v/ but there are some exceptions. In Classical Armenian, աւ at the beginning of a word (if followed by a consonant) represents /au/ (like in down), e.g. աւր (awr, /auɹ/, day). (Due to a sound shift in the Middle Ages this pronunciation has changed to /oɹ/ and since the 13th century written as օր (ōr); the original digraph ու (representing /ov/ or /ou/) became /u/; the digraph իւ (iw) represents /ju/ (the spelling reform in Soviet Armenia replaced ի (i) with յ (y) and ւ (w) with ու (ow), forming the trigraph յու).

Ligatures

Ancient Armenian manuscripts used many ligatures to save space. Some of the commonly used ligatures are: ﬓ (մ+ն), ﬔ (մ+ե), ﬕ (մ+ի), ﬖ (վ+ն), ﬗ (մ+խ), և (ե+ւ), etc. After the invention of printing Armenian typefaces made a wide use of ligatures as well. In the new orthography the character և is no longer a typographical ligature, and must never be treated as such. It is a distinct letter and has its place in the new alphabetic sequence, before "o".

Punctuation marks

In Armenian ( , ) is storaket or a comma and ( ։ ) is verjaket or the ordinary full stop (or period). The question mark (hartzakan nshan) ( ՞ ) is placed after the last vowel of the question word (usually the stressed vowel). The boot or short stop ( ՝ ) is placed in the same manner as the colon, but indicating a pause that is longer than that of a comma, but shorter than that of a colon. There is also ( ․ ), which is called mijaket and used like the ordinary semicolon, mainly to separate two closely related, but still independent clauses, or when a long list of items follows. The shesht or interjection sign ( ՛ ) is usually placed over the last vowel of the interjection word. ( « » ) are used for chakertner or quotation marks. ( ՜ ) is used as the yerkaratzman nshan or exclamation mark. The Armenian abbreviation mark ( ՟ ) was placed on top of the abbreviated word to indicate that it was abbreviated; called pativ in Armenian, it is not used now.

Transliteration

Main article: Romanization of Armenian

ISO 9985 (1996) transliterates the Armenian alphabet for modern Armenian as follows:

ա բ գ դ ե զ է ը թ ժ ի լ խ ծ կ հ ձ ղ ճ մ յ ն շ ո չ պ ջ ռ ս վ տ ր ց ւ փ ք օ ֆ ու եւ
a b g d e z ē ë t’ ž i l x ç k h j ġ č̣ m y n š o č p ǰ ṙ s v t r c’ w p’ k’ ò f ow ew

In linguistic literature on Classical Armenian, slightly different systems are in use (in particular note that č has a different meaning). Hübschmann-Meillet (1913) have

ա բ գ դ ե զ է ը թ ժ ի լ խ ծ կ հ ձ ղ ճ մ յ ն շ ո չ պ ջ ռ ս վ տ ր ց ւ փ ք օ ֆ ու եւ
a b g d e z ê ə t῾ ž i l x c k h j ł č m y n š o č῾ p ǰ r̄ s v t r c῾ w p῾ k῾ ô f u ev

NAR (New Armenian Romanization):

Aa Bb Gg Dd Ee Zz E'e' E·e· T·t· Z'z' Ii Ll K'k' Cc Kk Hh C·c· L·l· C´c´ Mm Jj Nn S's' Oo C'c' Pp C´c´ R·r· Ss Vv Tt Rr C`c` Ww P`p` K`k` O'o' Ff Uu O´o´ E´e´

History and development

see also: Armenian alphabet
Old Armenian (from 405)
Middle Armenian (c. 1100 – 1700)
Modern Armenian (c. 1700 – present)
Eastern, Western
familliar: Homshetsi, Lomavren

Proto-Sinaitic script? 19 c. BCE
Meroitic 3 c. BCE
Ogham 4 c. CE
Hangul 1443
Zhuyin (Bopomofo) 1913

The Armenian alphabet was created by Saint Mesrop Mashtots and Isaac of Armenia (Sahak Partev) in AD 405 primarily for a Bible translation into the Armenian language. Medieval Armenian sources also claim that Mashtots invented the Georgian and Caucasian Albanian alphabets around the same time. Traditionally, the following phrase translated from Solomon's Book of Proverbs is said to be the first sentence to be written down in Armenian by Mashtots:

“ Ճանաչել զիմաստութիւն եւ զխրատ, իմանալ զբանս հանճարոյ:
Čanačʿel zimastutʿiun yev zxrat, imanal zbans hančaroy.
To know wisdom and instruction; to perceive the words of understanding.		 ”

—Book of Proverbs, 1:2.

Various scripts have been credited with being the prototype for the Armenian alphabet. Pahlavi was the priestly script in Armenia before the introduction of Christianity, and Syriac, along with Greek, was one of the alphabets of Christian scripture. It has also been suggested that the Ge'ez script had an influence on certain letters of the alphabet.[3] Although the Armenian alphabet has similarities to all of these, the general consensus is it was modeled after the Avestan and Greek alphabets, supplemented with letters from a different source or sources for Armenian sounds not found in Greek. The evidence for this is the Greek order of the Armenian alphabet; the ow ligature for the vowel /u/, as in Greek; and the shapes of some letters which "seem derived from a variety of cursive Greek."[4]

There are four forms of the script. Erkatagir, or "ironclad letters", seen as Mesrop's original, were used in manuscripts from the 5th to 13th century and are still preferred for epigraphic inscriptions. Bolorgir, or "cursive", was invented in the 10th century and became popular in the 13th. It has been the standard printed form since the 16th century. Notrgir, or "minuscule", was invented for speed, was extensively used in the Armenian diaspora in the 16th to 18th centuries, and later became popular in printing. Sheghagir, or "slanted writing", is now the most common form.

Although the two dialects of modern Armenian—Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian—use the same alphabet, due to the Western Armenian sound shift some letters are pronounced in a different way. This matters for the following letters (further information in the chart below):

The number and order of the letters have changed over time. In the Middle Ages two new letters (օ [o], ֆ [f]) were introduced in order to better represent foreign sounds; this increased the number of letters from 36 to 38. Furthermore, the digraph աւ (au) followed by a consonant used to be pronounced [au] (as in luau) in Classical Armenian, but due to a sound shift it came to be pronounced [o], and has since the 13th century been written օ (ō). For example, classical աւր (awr, [auɹ], "day") became pronounced [oɹ], and is now written օր (ōr). (One word has kept aw, now pronounced av: աղաւնի pigeon, and there are a few proper names still having aw before a consonant: Տաւրոս Taurus, Փաւստոս Faustus, etc.) For this reason, today there are native Armenian words beginning with the letter օ (ō) although this letter was taken from the Greek alphabet to write foreign words beginning with o [o].

From 1922 to 1924, Soviet Armenia adopted a Reformed spelling of the Armenian language. This generally did not change the pronunciation of individual letters, with some exceptions. The Armenian Diaspora (including Armenians in Lebanon and Iran) have rejected the Reformed spelling and continue to use the classical Mashtotsian spelling. They criticize some aspects (see the footnotes of the chart) and allege political motives behind the reform.

Use of the Armenian alphabet for other languages

As Bedross Der Matossian from Columbia University informs, for about 250 years, from the early 18th century until around 1950, more than 2000 books in the Turkish language were printed using the Armenian alphabet. Not only did Armenians read Armeno-Turkish, but so did the non-Armenian (including the Ottoman Turkish) elite. The Armenian alphabet was also used alongside the Arabic alphabet on official documents of the Ottoman Empire written in Ottoman Turkish. For instance, the first novel to be written in the Ottoman Empire was Vartan Pasha's 1851 Akabi Hikayesi, written in the Armenian script. Also, when the Armenian Duzoglu family managed the Ottoman mint during the reign of Abdülmecid I, they kept records in the Armenian script, but in the Turkish language.

The Kipchak-speaking Armenian Orthodox Christians of Podolia and Galicia used the Armenian alphabet to produce extensive amount of literature between 1524 and 1669.[5]

The Armenian alphabet, along with the Georgian alphabet, was used by poet Sayat-Nova in his Azeri poems.[6]

The Armenian alphabet was an official script for the Kurdish language in 1921–1928 in Soviet Armenia.[7]

Character encodings

Unicode

The Armenian alphabet is one of the five modern European alphabetic scripts identified in the Unicode standard version 4.0. (The other modern European alphabets are Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, and Georgian.) [8] It is assigned the range U+0530–058F. Five Armenian ligatures are encoded in the "Alphabetic presentation forms" block (code point range U+FB13–FB17).

Armenian[1]
Unicode.org chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+053x Ա Բ Գ Դ Ե Զ Է Ը Թ Ժ Ի Լ Խ Ծ Կ
U+054x Հ Ձ Ղ Ճ Մ Յ Ն Շ Ո Չ Պ Ջ Ռ Ս Վ Տ
U+055x Ր Ց Ւ Փ Ք Օ Ֆ ՙ ՚ ՛ ՜ ՝ ՞ ՟
U+056x ա բ գ դ ե զ է ը թ ժ ի լ խ ծ կ
U+057x հ ձ ղ ճ մ յ ն շ ո չ պ ջ ռ ս վ տ
U+058x ր ց ւ փ ք օ ֆ և ։ ֊
Alphabetic Presentation Forms (partial)
Unicode.org chart (PDF)
U+FB1x ﬓ ﬔ ﬕ ﬖ ﬗ
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 6.0

Obsolete

ArmSCII-8

ArmSCII-8 is the 8-bit encoding of the Armenian Standard Code for Information Interchange, developed between 1991 and 1999. It uses part of the upper 128 codes in an 8-bit encoding to represent the Armenian alphabet, leaving the lower 128 codes for another alphabetic script (often Latin or Cyrillic). This allows a single font to represent two alphabetic scripts. For example, the Latin characters could occupy part of the first 128 codes (e.g. ASCII) while the Armenian characters would occupy part of the upper 128 codes.

ArmSCII-8 was popular on the Windows 95 and Windows 98 operating systems. To be able to read in Armenian, users had to download a font that implements the ArmSCII-8 encoding. To be able to write in Armenian, users first had to download and install a freeware program that ran in the taskbar. There were two popular programs, one named KD Win, and the other called "Armenian National Language Support". With these programs, a user would be able to type in both Armenian and another alphabetic script without having to change fonts, switching between writing scripts and keyboard layouts by invoking a keyboard shortcut (often Alt + Shift).

With the development of the more advanced Unicode standard and its availability on the Windows 2000/XP/2003/Vista, Linux and Mac OS X operating systems, the ArmSCII-8 encoding has been rendered obsolete. Nevertheless, ArmSCII-8 can still be found in use on some websites, which have not yet made the transition to Unicode.

Arasan-compatible

Arasan-compatible fonts are based on the encoding of the original Arasan font by Hrant Papazian (an encoding in use since 1986), which simply replaces the Latin characters (amongst others) of the ASCII encoding with Armenian ones. For example, the ASCII code for the Latin character <A> (65) represents the Armenian character <Ա>.

An advantage of Arasan-compatible fonts over ArmSCII-8 fonts is that writing does not require the installation of a separate program; once the font is installed and selected for use, one can use their QWERTY keyboard to type in Armenian. A disadvantage over ArmSCII-8 is that an Arasan-compatible font can only be used for one alphabetic script; therefore, the user must change the Font family when creating a multi-script document (e.g. both Armenian and English). Another disadvantage is that Arasan-compatible fonts only come in one native keyboard layout: Western Armenian phonetic. However it is possible to have alternative keyboard layouts via the use of keyboard driver utilities.

While Arasan-compatible fonts were popular among many users on Windows 95 and 98, it has been rendered obsolete by the Unicode standard. However, a few websites continue to use it.

The Arasan font's legacy is the phonetic Armenian keyboard layouts that ship with Windows 2000/XP/2003, which are almost identical to the Arasan keyboard layout.

Computer fonts

The Armenian alphabet is available for use on personal computers in a variety of operating systems as installable fonts. The following fonts implement the Unicode Armenian character set and come installed by default on the noted operating system:

Note: even though fonts are portable, fonts from one operating system (e.g. Windows) may not be installed on another (e.g. Linux) without a proper license.

Keyboard layouts

An operating system can be configured to use a variety of keyboard layouts to suit the user's needs. For example, both English and Western Armenian keyboard layouts may be configured, with the user being able to switch between the two using a keyboard shortcut (often alt + shift).

Windows 2000/XP/2003

Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows 2003 ship with two Armenian language keyboard layouts: Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian.[9] They are both based on the keyboard layout of a popular Armenian font for Windows 95 named Arasan. These keyboard layouts are generally phonetic. However, since some letters in the Armenian alphabet do not have an obvious corresponding character in the Latin alphabet, they are often approximated (for example, Խ maps to Q). Also, since there are more letters in the Armenian alphabet (38) than in Latin (26), some Armenian characters appear on non-alphabetic keys on a conventional English language keyboard (for example, շ maps to ,).

Armenian keyboard layouts for Windows 2000/XP/2003 created by third parties include the Armenian Phonetic Eastern and the Armenian Typewriter Eastern.[10]

Use of Armenian keyboard layouts on Windows 2000/XP/2003 systems require explicit configuration by the user.[11]

Linux

Each Linux distribution may come pre-configured with a unique set of keyboard layouts. To provide some consistency amongst themselves, Linux distributions often pull their layouts from the XKeyboard Configuration component of Freedesktop.org. As of November, 2006, Freedesktop.org contains 5 Armenian keyboard layouts, including 2 layouts identical to the ones from Windows XP.[12]

Use of Armenian keyboard layouts on Linux usually requires explicit configuration by the user. Users of the GNOME desktop may do so by using the GNOME Keyboard Indicator applet.[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ Simon Ager (2010). "Armenian alphabet". Omniglot: writing systems & languages of the world. http://www.omniglot.com/writing/armenian.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-02. 
  2. ^ a b c Melkonian, Zareh (1990) (in Armenian). Գործնական Քերականութիւն — Արդի Հայերէն Լեզուի (Միջին եւ Բարձրագոյն Դասընթացք) (Fourth ed.). Los Angeles. p. 6. 
  3. ^ Richard Pankurst. 1998. The Ethiopians: A History. p25
  4. ^ Avedis Sanjian, "The Armenian Alphabet". In Daniels & Bright, The Word's Writing Systems, 1996:356–357
  5. ^ (Russian) Qypchaq languages. Unesco.kz
  6. ^ Charles Dowsett, E. Peters. Sayat'-Nova. An 18th-century Troubadour: a Biographical and Literary Study. Peeters Publishers, 1997 ISBN 90-6831-795-4; p. xv
  7. ^ (Russian) Курдский язык (Kurdish language), Кругосвет (Krugosvet)
  8. ^ Unicode Code Charts and Unicode Standard, Chapter 7
  9. ^ Windows Keyboard Layouts
  10. ^ Armenian Keyboard Layouts for Windows 2000/XP/2003 at ArmUnicode.org
  11. ^ Installing Unicode Armenian Language Support on Microsoft Windows
  12. ^ XKeyboard Config CVS – the am file corresponds to the Armenian keyboard layout
  13. ^ GNU/Linux: Typing in Armenian using GNOME

External links

Information on Armenian character set encoding. Armenian Phonetic Keyboard Layout

Armenian Transliteration

Unicode Support for Armenian

Armenian Online Dictionaries

Overview
Lists