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Breve |
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A breve (English: /ˈbriːv/, French: [ˈbʁɛv]; from the Latin brevis "short, brief") is a diacritical mark ˘, shaped like the bottom half of a circle. It resembles the caron (i.e. wedge or háček in Czech), but is rounded, while the caron has a sharp tip. Compare Ǎ ǎ Ě ě Ǐ ǐ Ǒ ǒ Ǔ ǔ (caron) with Ă ă Ĕ ĕ Ĭ ĭ Ŏ ŏ Ŭ ŭ (breve).
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The breve sign indicates a short vowel, as opposed to the macron ¯ which indicates long vowels, in academic transcription. It is often used this way in dictionaries and textbooks of Latin, Ancient Greek and some other languages, such as Tuareg. (However, there is a frequent convention of indicating only – but all – the long vowels: it is then understood that a vowel with no macron is short.)
In Cyrillic script, a breve is used for Й (a semivowel I). In Belarusian, it is used for both the Cyrillic Ў (semivowel U) and in the Latin (Łacinka) Ŭ. Ў was also used in Cyrillic Uzbek under the Soviet Union. The Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet uses a breve for Ӂ (the equivalent of G before E or I in the Latin script). In Chuvash, a breve is used for Cyrillic letters Ӑ (A-breve) and Ӗ (E-breve). Note that traditional Cyrillic breve differs in shape from Latin, being thicker on the edges of the curve and thinner in the middle. In Roman types the shape becomes "ears"-like.[1]
In Esperanto it is used above the U to form a non-syllabic U, similar to English W in sound.
In the transcription of Sinhala, the breve over m or n indicates a prenasalized consonant, e.g. n̆da is used to represent [ⁿda].
In other languages, it is used for other purposes.
Note that Pinyin uses the caron, not the breve, to indicate the third tone of Mandarin Chinese; the breve cannot be used as a substitute in computer environments because Unicode does not provide an equivalent of ǚ with a breve.[3]
Unicode and HTML code (decimal numeric character reference) for breve characters.
| Name | Letter | Unicode | HTML |
|---|---|---|---|
| breve (single) | ̆ | U+02D8 | ˘ |
| combining breve | ̆ | U+0306 | ̆ |
| combining breve below | ̮ | U+032E | ̮ |
| combining inverted breve below | ̯ | U+032F | ̯ |
| Latin | |||
| A-breve | Ă ă |
U+0102 U+0103 |
Ă ă |
| E-breve | Ĕ ĕ |
U+0114 U+0115 |
Ĕ ĕ |
| I-breve | Ĭ ĭ |
U+012C U+012D |
Ĭ ĭ |
| O-breve | Ŏ ŏ |
U+014E U+014F |
Ŏ ŏ |
| U-breve | Ŭ ŭ |
U+016C U+016D |
Ŭ ŭ |
| Azerbaijani, Tatar, Turkish | |||
| G-breve | Ğ ğ |
U+011E U+011F |
Ğ ğ |
| Vietnamese | |||
| A-sắc-breve | Ắ ắ |
U+1EAE U+1EAF |
Ắ ắ |
| A-huyền-breve | Ằ ằ |
U+1EB0 U+1EB1 |
Ằ ằ |
| A-hỏi-breve | Ẳ ẳ |
U+1EB2 U+1EB3 |
Ẳ ẳ |
| A-ngã-breve | Ẵ ẵ |
U+1EB4 U+1EB5 |
Ẵ ẵ |
| A-nặng-breve | Ặ ặ |
U+1EB6 U+1EB7 |
Ặ ặ |
| Cyrillic | |||
| short I | Й й |
U+0419 U+0439 |
Й й |
| short U | Ў ў |
U+040E U+045E |
Ў ў |
| A-breve | Ӑ ӑ |
U+04D0 U+04D1 |
Ӑ ӑ |
| Ye-breve | Ӗ ӗ |
U+04D6 U+04D7 |
Ӗ ӗ |
| Greek | |||
| alpha with vrachy | Ᾰ ᾰ |
U+1FB8 U+1FB0 |
Ᾰ ᾰ |
| iota with vrachy | Ῐ ῐ |
U+1FD8 U+1FD0 |
Ῐ ῐ |
| upsilon with vrachy | Ῠ ῠ |
U+1FE8 U+1FE0 |
Ῠ ῠ |
| Arabic, Hittite, Akkadian, Egyptian transliteration | |||
| H-breve below | Ḫ ḫ |
U+1E2A U+1E2B |
Ḫ ḫ |
In LaTeX the controls \u{o} and \breve{o} puts a breve over the letter o.
| Aa | Bb | Cc | Dd | Ee | Ff | Gg | Hh | Ii | Jj | Kk | Ll | Mm | Nn | Oo | Pp | Rr | Ss | Tt | Uu | Vv | Ww | Xx | Yy | Zz | ||
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Letters using breve sign ( ◌̆ )
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| Ăă | Ĕĕ | Ğğ | Ĭ ĭ | Ŏŏ | Ŭŭ | |||||||||||||||||||||
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