| Artist | Johann Zoffany |
|---|---|
| Year | c. 1795 |
| Type | Oil painting |
| Dimensions | 137.2 cm × 182.9 cm (54.0 in × 72.0 in) |
| Location | National Maritime Museum, London |
Hawaiian feather cloaks, known as ʻahu ʻula in the Hawaiian language,[1] were worn with feather helmets (mahiole). These were symbols of the highest rank reserved for the men of the aliʻi,[2] the chiefly class of Hawaii. There are over 160 examples of this traditional clothing in museums around the world.[1] At least six of these cloaks were collected during the voyages of Captain Cook.[3] These cloaks are made from a woven netting decorated with bird feathers and are examples of fine featherwork techniques. One of these cloaks was included in a painting of Cook's death by Johann Zoffany.
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The cloaks are constructed using a woven netting decorated with feathers obtained from local birds. The plant used to make the netting is Touchardia latifolia plant which is a type of nettle.[4]
The colouring was achieved using different types of feathers. The black and yellow came from a bird called the Moho or ʻOʻo in Hawaiian. There were four varieties of this bird. The last type became extinct in 1987 with the probable cause being disease. Black feathers were also sourced from the bird called the Mamo which is also now extinct. The distinctive red feathers came from Vestiaria coccinea - the Scarlet Hawaiian Honeycreeper or ʻIʻiwi and the species Himatione sanguinea also known as the ʻapapane. Both species are still moderately common birds in Hawaii. Although birds were exploited for their feathers the effect on the population is thought to be minimal.[5] The birds were not killed but were caught by specialist bird catchers, a few feathers harvested and then the birds were released.[6]
Hundreds of thousands of feathers were required for each cloak. A small bundle of feathers was gathered and tied into the netting. Bundles were tied in in close proximity to form a uniform covering of the surface of the cloak.[7]
When Captain James Cook visited Hawaii on 26 January 1778 he was received by a high chief called Kalaniʻōpuʻu. At the end of the meeting Kalaniʻōpuʻu placed the feathered helmet and cloak he had been wearing on Cook. Kalaniʻōpuʻu also laid several other cloaks at Cook's feet as well as four large pigs and other offerings of food. Much of the material from Cook's voyages including the helmet and cloak ended up in the collection of Sir Ashton Lever. He exhibited them in his museum, the Holophusikon.[3] It was while at this museum that Cook's mahiole and cloak were borrowed by Johann Zoffany in the 1790s and included in his painting of the Death of Cook.[3]
Lever went bankrupt and his collection was disposed of by public lottery. The collection was obtained by James Parkinson who continued to exhibit it at the Leverian Museum. He eventually sold the collection in 1806 in 8,000 separate sales.[3] The mahiole and cloak were purchased by the collector William Bullock who exhibited them in his own museum until 1819 when the collection was again sold. The mahiole and cloak were then purchased by Charles Winn along with a number of other items and these remained in his family until 1912, when Charles Winn’s grandson, the Second Baron St Oswald, gave them to the Dominion of New Zealand. They are now in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
The Bernice P. Bishop Museum in Honolulu has a 200-year-old mahiole and matching cloak. This bright red and yellow cloak was given to the king of Kauaʻi, Kaumualiʻi, when he became a vassal to Kamehameha I in 1810, uniting all the islands into the Kingdom of Hawaii.[8]
The British Museum has three of these cloaks.[9][10][11]
The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa has three ʻahu ʻula in its collection. All were gifts of Lord St Oswald in 1912.[12][13][14] The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa believes that one of these cloaks was placed on Captain James Cook by the Hawaiian chief Kalani’ōpu’u.[15]
Cook's mahiole and cloak are featured in Episode 52 of the mini-documentary television series Tales from Te Papa.[16]