Zond program
Zond (Зонд; Russian for "probe") was the name given to two distinct series of Soviet unmanned space program undertaken from 1964 to 1970. The first series based on 3MV planetary probe was intended to gather information about nearby planets. The second series of test spacecraft being a precursor to manned circumlunar loop flights used a stripped-down variant of Soyuz spacecraft, consisting of the service and descent modules, but lacking the orbital module.
Missions based on the 3MV planetary probe
The first three missions were based on the model 3MV planetary probe, intended to explore Venus and Mars. After two failures, Zond 3 was sent on a test mission, photographing the far side of the Moon (only the second spacecraft to do so) and continuing out to the orbit of Mars in order to test telemetry and spacecraft systems.
Circumlunar missions
The missions 4 through 8 were test flights under for the Soviet Moonshot during the Moon race. The Soyuz 7K-L1 (also mentioned just as L1) spacecraft was used for the moon-aimed missions, stripped down to make it possible to launch around the moon from the Earth. They were launched on the Proton rocket which was just powerful enough to send the Zond on a free-return trajectory around the moon without going into lunar orbit (the same path that Apollo 13 flew in its emergency abort). With minor modification, Zond was capable of carrying two cosmonauts.
In the beginning there were serious reliability problems with both the new Proton rocket and the similar new Soyuz spacecraft, but the test flights pressed ahead with some glitches. Then majority of tests flights from 1967–1970 (Zond 4 to Zond 8) showed problems during re-entry.
Zond spacecraft made only unmanned automatic flights. Four of these suffered malfunctions that would have injured or killed any crew. Instrumentation flown on these missions gathered data on micrometeor flux, solar and cosmic rays, magnetic fields, radio emissions, and solar wind. Many photographs were taken and biological payloads were also flown.
Timetable
3MV planetary probe based missions
- Zond 1
- Launched 2 April 1964
- Communications lost 14 May 1964
- Venus flyby 14 July 1964
- Zond 2
- Launched 30 November 1964
- Communications lost May 1965
- Mars flyby 6 August 1965
- Zond 3
- Launched 18 July 1965
- Lunar Flyby 20 July 1965
Soyuz 7K-L1 test missions
- Cosmos 146
- Launched 10 March 1967
- Prototype Soyuz 7K-L1P launched by Proton into planned highly elliptical earth orbit.
- Cosmos 154
- Launched 8 April 1967
- Prototype Soyuz 7K-L1P launched by Proton and failed into planned translunar trajectory.
- Zond 1967A
- Launched 28 September 1967
- Fell off course 60 seconds after launched. Escape tower took Zond capsule safely away. Rocket crashed 65 km downrange.
- Attempted Lunar flyby
- Zond 1967B
- Launched 22 November 1967
- Second stage failure. Zond capsule was safely recovered. Rocket crashed 300 km downrange.
- Attempted Lunar flyby
- Zond 4
- Launched 2 March 1968
- Study of remote regions of circumterrestrial space, development of new on-board systems and units of space stations.
- Returned to Earth 7 March 1968—Self destruct system automatically blew up the capsule at 10 to 15 km altitude, 180–200 km off the African coast at Guinea.
- Zond 1968A
- Launched 23 April 1968
- Second stage failed 260 seconds after launch.
- Attempted Lunar flyby
- Zond 1968B (Zond 7K-L1 s/n 8L)
- Launched 21 July 1968
- Block D stage exploded on pad, killing three people.
- Zond 5
- Launched 15 September 1968
- Circumlunar 18 September 1968
- Returned to Earth 21 September 1968
- Turtles and other biological specimens were the first lifeforms to travel around the moon and return safely.
- Zond 6
- Launched 10 November 1968
- Circumlunar 14 November 1968
- Returned to Earth 17 November 1968
- Zond 1969A
- Launched 20 January 1969
- Stage two shutdown 25 seconds early. Automatic flight abort. Capsule was safely recovered.
- Attempted Lunar flyby
- Zond L1S-1
- Launched 21 February 1969
- First stage failure. Capsule escape system fired 70 seconds after launch. Capsule was recovered.
- Attempted Lunar orbiter and N1 rocket test
- Zond L1S-2
- Launched 3 July 1969
- First stage failure. Zond capsule was recovered.
- Attempted Lunar orbiter and N1 rocket test
- Zond 7
- Launched 7 August 1969
- Lunar flyby 11 August 1969
- Returned to Earth 14 August 1969
- Zond 8
- Launched 20 October 1970
- Lunar flyby 24 October 1970
- Returned to Earth 27 October 1970
- Zond 9
- Zond 10
External links
|
|
|
| Programs |
|
|
|
| Orbiters |
|
|
| Planned |
|
|
| Proposed |
|
|
| Flybys |
|
|
| Impactors |
|
|
| Landers |
|
|
| Rovers |
|
|
| S. Return |
|
|
| Cancelled |
|
|
| See also |
|
|
|
Bold italics indicates active missions
|
|
|
Manned lunar spacecraft
|
|
| Orbiters |
|
|
|
| Landers |
|
|
|
|
|
| Earth satellites |
|
|
|
| Space observatories |
|
|
| Moon exploration |
|
|
| Venus |
|
|
| Mars |
|
|
| Deep Space |
|
|