Yemen Vilayet
Yemen Vilayet (Ottoman Turkish: ولايت یمن Vilâyet-i Yemen; Turkish: Yemen Vilayeti)was a vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. At the beginning of the 20th century it reportedly had an area of 77,200 square miles (200,000 km2).[2] The population for the vilayet is given by the 1885 Ottoman census as 2,500,000,[2] an unreasonably high number for this barren land of deserts which would have been more than the whole population of the far more fertile Ottoman Mesopotamia.
History
In the 1830s, aided by the collapse of the Zaidi Imamate due to internal division and the adoption of modern weaponry after the Crimean War, the Ottomans moved into northern Yemen, eventually taking San'a and making it the capital of the Yemen Vilayet in 1872. Even then, Ottoman control was largely confined to cities, and the Zaidi imam's rule over Upper Yemen was formally recognized.
The British interest in reducing pirate attacks on British merchants led to their creating a protectorate over the town of Aden in 1839, and adding the surrounding lands over the following years.[3][4] The region gained political and strategic importance after the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the increased traffic on the Red Sea route to India.
The Ottomans and the British eventually established a de facto border between north and south Yemen, which was formalized in a treaty in 1904. However the interior boundaries were never clearly established. The presence of the Ottomans, and to a lesser extent the British, allowed the Zaydi Imamate to rebuild against a common enemy. Guerrilla warfare and banditry erupted into the rebellion of the Zaydi tribes in 1905.
Turkish forces withdrew in 1918, and Imam Yahya Muhammad strengthened his control over northern Yemen creating the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen.
Governors
Governors of the Yemen Vilayet:[5]
- Babanli Ahmed Pasha (Aug 1864 - Feb 1867)
- Tacirli Ahmed Pasha (Feb 1867 - Mar 1869)
- Halepli Ali Pasha (Mar 1869 - May 1871)
- Topal Bursali Mehmed Redif Pasha (May 1871 - Aug 1871)
- Katircioglu Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (Sep 1871 - May 1873)
- Ahmed Eyyub Pasha (May 1873 - Apr 1875)
- Mustafa Asim Pasha (Apr 1875 - Apr 1879)
- Botgoriceli Ismail Hakki Pasha (Dec 1879 - Dec 1882)
- Mehmed Izzet Pasha (Dec 1882 - Dec 1884)
- Ahmed Fevzi Pasha (1st time) (Dec 1884 - Dec 1886)
- Ahmed Aziz Pasha (Dec 1886 - Dec 1887)
- Topal Osman Nuri Pasha (Dec 1887 - Jun 1889)
- Potirikli Osman Nuri Pasha (Jun 1889 - May 1890)
- Botgoriceli Ismail Hakki Pasha (May 1890 - Apr 1891)
- Hasan Edip Pasha (Apr 1891 - Dec 1891)
- Ahmed Fevzi Pasha (2nd time) (Dec 1891 - May 1898)
- Huseyin Hilmi Pasha (May 1898 - Oct 1902)
- Çerkes Abdullah Reshid Pasha (Oct 1902 - Aug 1904)
- Biren Mehmed Tevfik Pasha (Aug 1904 - Aug 1905)
- Ahmed Fevzi Pasha (3rd time) (Aug 1905 - Oct 1908)
- Arnavud Hasan Tahsin Pasha (Oct 1908 - Jan 1910)
- Kamil Bey (Jan 1910 - Apr 1910)
- Mehmed Ali Pasha (Apr 1910 - Nov 1911)
- Akdilek Mahmud Pasha (Nov 1911 - Dec 1918)
Administrative divisions
Sanjaks of the Vilayet:[6]
- Sanjak of Yemen
- Sanjak of Hudeyde
- Sanjak of Asir
- Sanjak of Ta'azz
See also
References
- ^ Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire at Google Books By Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters
- ^ a b Asia by A. H. Keane, page 459
- ^ Playfair, R. Lambert (1859) A history of Arabia Felix or Yemen : from the commencement of the Christian era to the present time, including an account of the British settlement of Aden Education Society's Press, Byculla, India (variously reprinted)
- ^ ʻAmrī, Muḥsin ibn Aḥmad Ḥarrāzī; Ḥusayn ʻAbd Allāh (1986) Fatrat al-fawḍá wa-ʻawdat al-Atrāk ilá Ṣanʻāʼ : al-sifr al-thānī min tārīkh al-Ḥarrāzī (Riyāḍ al-rayāḥīn) 1276-1289 H/1859-1872 M Dār al-Fikr, Dimashq 9الحرازي، محسن ابن أجمد. تحقيق ودراسة حسين عبد الله العمري. عمري، حسين عبد الله. فترة الفوضى وعودة الأتراك الى صنعاء : السفر الثاني من تاريخ الحرازي (رياض الرياحين) ٦٧٢١-٩٨٢١ ه/٩٥٨١-٢٧٨١ م دار الفكر ؛ دار الحكمة اليمانية،
- ^ World Statesmen — Yemen
- ^ Ceziretül Arab – Hicaz ve Yemen Vilayetleri | Tarih ve Medeniyet
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