| Wolf Lake | |
|---|---|
| Location | Chicago, Illinois / Hammond, Indiana, USA |
| Basin countries | United States |
| Surface area | 804-acre (325.4 ha) |
Wolf Lake is an 804-acre (325.4 ha) lake that straddles the Hammond, Indiana / Chicago, Illinois border.[1] It is smaller than it was prior to settlement by people of European descent because of infilling for development around the edges. Despite years of environmental damage caused by heavy industries, transportation infrastructure, urban runoff, and filling of wetlands, it is one of the most important biological sites in the Chicago region.
Wolf Lake was once connected by an open channel to Lake Michigan on the Indiana side of the lake, but this channel was cut off for development on its northern side. Indianapolis Boulevard (US-41) and various railroad and industrial facilities are located in former wetlands on the northeastern side of the lake where it once connected to Lake Michigan. There are currently proposals to reopen a channel between Wolf Lake and Lake Michigan. The Illinois portion of the lake is broken into five smaller impoundments separated by dikes. The western impoundments are now part of the William W. Powers State Recreation Area and are drained by Indian Creek to the Calumet River. The Wolf Lake water level determines the drainage to Lake Michigan because the connecting Calumet River flows southward during elevated levels and northward during lowered levels.[2] The longest dike, running roughly parallel to State Line Road and traversing the entire length of the lake, contains railroad tracks belonging to the Indiana Harbor Belt.[3]
Interstate 90, the Indiana Toll Road, runs through the middle of the lake, just inside the Indiana state line. The lake is also transected by a number of railroad causeways, some of them no longer in use. Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad has an active spur line that runs through the Illinois side of the Lake in the Hegewisch community area. US 41, Calumet Avenue is on its eastern side, with a strip of parkland in between. There are currently several large industrial properties adjacent to the lake, and on filled wetlands adjoining the lake, including Cargill and Unilever on the north side. Other property near the edge of the lake is being used for housing. A significant portion of the property around the lake is now parkland or nature preserve, including the Eggers Woods parcel of the Cook County Forest Preserve District.
Other neighboring lakes include George Lake, Lake Calumet, Powderhorn Lake and Lake Michigan.
Contents |
Wolf Lake in Illinois has a storied history that somehow has lost track of the origins of the name that goes back over 150 years. Part of this history includes visits by Abraham Lincoln in which Mary Todd Lincoln nearly drowned.[3]
In 1924, the body of Bobby Franks was found in a culvert just northwest of the lake. Franks was the victim of the so-called "thrill killers," Leopold and Loeb – the subjects of what was termed the "Trial of the Century."
During the Cold War, two areas around the lake were used to create Nike missile site C-44, part of an air defense system for Chicago and its heavy industries. It was one of many such sites that formed a ring of defense running from Indiana to Wisconsin. On the northwest side of the lake, several hundred acres of wetlands were filled with ferrous slag landfill to create the actual site for the missiles. This is currently Eggers Woods, part of the Cook County Forest Preserves system. On the southwest side of the lake was located the radar station for the site. It is currently the William W. Powers State Recreation Area (Illinois). Both sites were decommissioned in the 1970s, yet artifacts remain in place of their respective locations.
Wolf Lake, along with the other neighboring lakes, was once among the most biologically diverse places in the Midwest. Eighty years ago, the renowned naturalist Donald Culross Peattie described Wolf Lake as one of North America’s preeminent natural areas, “…a famous hunting ground for aquatic wildlife...where the plants form one of the most remarkable assemblages of aquatics in the country...no body of water of equal size can boast such a list.”[4] It is still an extremely unique and diverse area. On August 23, 2002, more than 150 experts in botany, zoology, and related ecological fields assembled at Wolf Lake and in the surrounding forest, prairie, and marshland to identify and record as many living organisms as possible within a single 24 hour period. The purpose of this undertaking, known as the Calumet Bioblitz, was to document the extraordinary biodiversity of green pockets that have survived within the urban and industrial landscape south of Chicago.
The water in Wolf Lake was about 18 inches higher until 1998 when the Illinois Department of Natural Resources removed several beavers and their dams that had been built across Indian Creek. The subsequent drop in water depth encouraged weed growth and changed fishing conditions.[5] Beaver sign indicates that there are beaver on the lake currently.[6]
Wolf Lake is home to the endangered Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) and the threatened Banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus).
The lake and neighboring wetlands provide nesting sites for the endangered black-crowned night heron, little blue heron, yellow-crowned night heron and yellow-headed blackbird. Native Trumpeter (Cygnus buccinator) and Tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus) and non-native Mute swans (Cygnus olor) may all be found on the lake in winter.[7] Tundra swans are absent in summer as they migrate to the arctic and subarctic to nest, however, the non-native, Eurasian Mute swans, which stay in the area year round, compete for habitat with the non-migrating Trumpeter swan population and is an impediment to restoration of the native trumpeters around the Great Lakes.[8][9][10]
The endangered false golden sedge Carex garberi, Carex viridula (sedge), and the threatened marsh speedwell are plants that grow in the neighboring wetlands.[1][4] Perhaps the most amazing biological aspect of the lake is its array of rare aquatic plants.[4]
A $7.25 million ecosystem restoration project for Wolf Lake was carried out by the Chicago District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, with the support of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources and the City of Hammond. The project sought to improve the overall quality of the lake ecosystem for native species. Natural water levels in the lake were restored by clearing channels and creating openings in dikes and causeways. Additional habitat was created by constructing approximately 25 acres (10 ha) of new aquatic and wetland habitat plantings. Also, approximately 5,000 feet (1,500 m) of shoreline was restored, deep holes were created to locally diversify the lake bottom, and herbicidal and biological controls were implemented to control aquatic and shoreline exotic and undesirable plant species.[11] While for many years it was commonplace for park visitors to feed the ducks and other birds that lived at the lake, this produced an unnaturally and unsustainabley large population, as well as many non native birds such as domesticated breeds of ducks and geese. It is no longer permitted that visitors feed wildlife and as a result the populations have dropped to a sustainable and natural population.
The project was completed on September 14, 2007, and a 1-year monitoring of the restoration is now underway. The City of Hammond will also continue to provide long-term operation and maintenance of the ecosystem through volunteer networks and stewards.