Western Ground Parrot

Western Ground Parrot
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Subfamily: Psittacinae
Tribe: Pezoporini
Genus: Pezoporus
Species: P. flaviventris
Binomial name
Pezoporus flaviventris
North, 1911
Yellow plus green is historic range, green is current remaining range

The Western Ground Parrot (Pezoporus flaviventris) is an endangered species of parrot endemic to Western Australia and is a close relative of the Eastern Ground Parrot (P. wallicus) and the somewhat more distantly related and mysterious Night Parrot (Pezoporus occidentalis).[1][2] It is one of the world's rarest birds with about 110 individuals remaining.[1][3]

The Western Ground Parrot plumage is similar to the Eastern Ground Parrot, but feathers of the abdomen and under tail-coverts are bright yellow with indistinct black barring. The fledgling Western Ground Parrot is grey/brown around the head, wing covets and across the back, while the Eastern Ground Parrot has bright green (adult) plumage in these areas. This plumage difference would provide better camouflage to mobile fledglings in the habitat typical of the southwest arid regions where they reside. In contrast the Eastern Ground Parrot lives in thick vegetation with little open ground.

Molecular DNA evidence suggests the Western Ground Parrot split from Ground Parrots of eastern Australia around 2 million years ago.[1]

Contents

Taxonomy

Described as a separate species by Alfred John North in 1911 on account of its distinctive plumage.[4] The specific name, flaviventris, is derived from the Latin terms flavus "golden-yellow" and venter "belly".[5] The Western Ground Parrot was subsequently considered a subspecies of the Eastern Ground Parrot by Gregory Mathews in 1912. He felt it not distinctive enough to warrant specific rank.[6][7] Other authorities followed suit, until a 2010 molecular study revealed its genetic distinctness from populations in Eastern Australia and Tasmania.[1] The third species in genus is the critically endangered and mysterious Night Parrot (Pezoporus occidentalis).[2] The phylogenetic position of the genus Pezoporus within the parrot family remains unclear. [2][8]

Description

The Western Ground Parrot plumage is similar to the Eastern Ground Parrot (P. wallicus), but feathers of the abdomen and under tail-coverts are bright yellow with indistinct black barring.[9][10] The fledgling Western Ground Parrot is a more neutral grey/brown in colour,[11] while the Eastern Ground Parrot has bright green (adult) plumage in these areas.[10]

Distribution and habitat

Historically, this species was found all along the coast of western southwest Australia from Perth north to Geraldton and along the South Coast east to Israelite Bay. However, it appears to have vanished from the west coast of Western Australia by 1900.[7] Nowadays, the range of this species is limited to two locations along the south coast of Western Australia, east of Albany with the largest population in Cape Arid National Park.[12]

Low heathland usually on deep white sand with a large diversity of plants is the most common habitat. Parrots appear to be more abundant in heath which has not been burnt for decades, but have been found in areas six years after a burn. There is usually a fairly high component of sedges.[7]

Status

This species is among the rarest bird species in the world.[1] The first photo of the Western Ground Parrot in the wild was taken in 2004.[13] This species has rapidly declined between 1990 and 2009 from about 400 individuals to 110 individuals.[1] Most individuals (~100) are found in the Cape Arid National Park.[12][14] The species has not yet been evaluated by the IUCN, but it meets several criteria to be considered critically endangered.[1] The main threats are introduced predators, such as foxes[15] and feral cats,[16][17] as well as wildfires.[1] It is listed as "endangered" by the Australian Government.[18] Much of the local vegetation is vulnerable to Phytophthora cinnamomi dieback and it is unclear what impact the loss of certain food items may have on the species.[7]

Behaviour

The Western Ground Parrot usually feeds alone or with one other bird. They are rarely seen because they rarely fly or call during daylight, and they are usually hidden among low vegetation. Their plumage offers a good camouflage. If flushed it will fly low over the vegetation, then land again up to 100 or so metres away. Flight when flushed is characterised by a zigzag pattern with short gliding phases and rapid wingbeats.[11] Calling periods are at dusk and early morning before the sun rises;[7] it is a variable high-pitched call audible for some distance and answered by neighbouring members of the species.

Diet

Seeds of various plants especially sedges. e.g. Mesomaelaena stygia ssp. stygia. Flower buds and the base of flowers e.g. beaufortias, dryandras and grevilleas are also important parts of the diet. A Western Ground Parrot has been observed feeding on the semi-succulent leaves of Daviesia pachyphylla. The diet is varied and utilises the high diversity of their habitat.[7]

Breeding

The last nest of the Western Ground Parrot was found in 1913, and was described as a slight depression among low prickly vegetation (possibly the genus Hakea) on a low ridge.[11]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Murphy, Stephen A.; Joseph, Leo; Burbidge, Allan H.; Austin, Jeremy (2010). (fulltext) "A cryptic and critically endangered species revealed by mitochondrial DNA analyses: the Western Ground Parrot". Conservation Genetics 12 (2): 595–600. doi:10.1007/s10592-010-0161-1. http://www.springerlink.com/content/50n5334736535745/ (fulltext). Retrieved 18 November 2010. 
  2. ^ a b c Leeton, Peter R. J., Christidis, Leslie, Westerman, Michael & Boles, Walter E. (1994). Molecular phylogenetic relationships of the Night Parrot (Geopsittacus occidentalis) and the Ground Parrot (Pezoporus wallicus). Auk 111 (4): 833-843 PDF fulltext
  3. ^ "DNA Uncovers One of the World's Rarest Birds". Science Daily. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101123102403.htm. Retrieved 24 November 2010. 
  4. ^ North, Alfred John (1911). Nests and eggs of birds found breeding in Australia and Tasmania. Sydney: Australian Museum. p. 175. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42060#page/7/mode/1up. Retrieved 20 November 2010. 
  5. ^ Simpson DP (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5 ed.). London: Cassell Ltd.. pp. 250, 634. ISBN 0-304-52257-0. 
  6. ^ Mathews, G.M. (1912) Reference List to the Birds of Australia. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 171-455.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Allan H. Burbidge, John Blyth, Alan Danks, Kelly Gillen, Brenda Newbey (June 1997). "Interim Recovery Plan No. 6: Western Ground Parrot interim recovery plan 1996 to 1999". Department of Environment and Conservation website. Wanneroo, WA: Western Australian Threatened Species and Communities Unit, Department of Conservation and Land Management, WA Government. http://www.dec.wa.gov.au/pdf/plants_animals/threatened_species/irps/fauna/pez_wal_irp6.pdf. Retrieved 21 November 2010. 
  8. ^ Christidis, L.; R. Schodde, D. D. Shaw, and S. F. Maynes. (1991). "Relationships among the Australo-Papuan parrots, lorikeets, and cockatoos (Aves, Psittaciformes) - protein evidence". Condor 93 (2): 302–317. doi:10.2307/1368946. 
  9. ^ Lendon, Alan H. (1973). Australian Parrots in Field and Aviary (2nd. ed). Sydney: Angus and Robertson. p. 310. ISBN 0-207-12424-8. 
  10. ^ a b Forshaw, Joseph M.; Cooper, William T. (1978) [1973]. Parrots of the World (2nd ed.). Melbourne Australia: Landsdowne Editions. p. 275. ISBN 0-7018-0690-7. 
  11. ^ a b c Whitlock, F. Lawson (1913). "Spotless Crake and Western Ground-parrot". Emu 13 (4): 202–05. doi:10.1071/MU913202. 
  12. ^ a b Friends of the Western Ground Parrot, accessed 18 November 2010
  13. ^ "Research". Friends of the Western Ground Parrot. http://www.western-ground-parrot.org.au/WGP_Research.html. Retrieved 25 November 2010. 
  14. ^ Burbidge AH, Blyth J (2008) Threatened and rare birds of Western Australia. Department of Environment and Conservation, Perth
  15. ^ Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (DEWHA) (2008). Threat abatement plan for predation by the European red fox, DEWHA, Canberra.
  16. ^ Dickman, C.R. Denny, E. and Buckmaster, T. 2010 Identification of sites of high conservation priority impacted by feral cats. Report for the Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Canberra, Australia.
  17. ^ Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (DEWHA) (2008). Threat abatement plan for predation by feral cats, DEWHA, Canberra.
  18. ^ "Pezoporus wallicus flaviventris — Western Ground Parrot". Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=26024. Retrieved 25 November 2010. 

External links