The War Against the Bandits was a six-year rebellion (1959–1965) in the Escambray Mountains by a group of Cuban insurgents who opposed the new communist government led by Fidel Castro. The rebelling group of insurgents was a mix of former Batista soldiers, local farmers, and former allied guerrillas who had fought alongside Castro against Batista during the Cuban Revolution. The end result was the elimination of all insurgents by Cuban government forces in 1965.
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The uprising began almost immediately after the success of the Cuban Revolution in 1959. It was led by former Batista officials and soldiers, many former Fidel Castro supporters, and landlords who were disenchanted by his close ties to the Soviet Union.
The leaders of the Cuban Communist forces Lucha contra Bandidos (LCB) were Commandantes Raul Menendez Tomassevich, founding member of the Cuban Communist Party[1] and Lizardo Proenza.[2][3][4]
The insurgent guajiro rural farmers were aided by some former Batista forces, but were mostly led by former Revolutionary Directorate rebels (13 of March Movement), such as anti-communists Osvaldo Ramirez and Comandante William Alexander Morgan, both of whom had fought Batista "casquitos" in the same area only a few years before.[5] Morgan himself was executed in 1961 long before the resistance ended,[6] The CIA provided some aid to the insurgents, but withdrew all support after the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion, ensuring their ultimate defeat. Some of the failures could be attributed to Castro’s "roll up" of CIA operatives in Cuba.[7]
At the outset, the insurgents launched dozens of attacks on rural communities, destroying more than 30 houses, setting fire to over 40 rural schools, as well as state farms, grocery stores, and agricultural warehouses. They ambushed nearly 20 civilian vehicles, among other actions. More than 80 Cuban government soldiers were killed fighting against the insurgents, and hundreds more were wounded.[8]
Following the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961, Alzado leader Osvaldo Ramirez returned to the Escambray mountains and declined an offer by Fidel Castros' emissary, Comandante Faure Chomón, to surrender. Chomon had been Ramirez's chief in the Revolutionary Directorate in the Escambray during the guerrilla war against Batista.[9]
The Cuban governments main tactic was to deploy thousands of troops against small groups of rebels, forming progressively constricting rings of encirclement.[10] The Communist leaders Castro sent to clear the Escambray Mountains (La segunda limpia del Escambray) were ordered to exterminate the rebels. They were to "comb the brush, elbow to elbow" until they had completely cleared the hills of anticommunist rebels.[11] The generals pledged they would capture Comandante Ramirez himself. Superior numbers and the lack of outside assistance, particularly supplies, led to the rebels' defeat.[9]
The outnumbered anticommunist guerrillas often fought to the death.[12] Cuban forces used sweeps by long columns of militia, which cost the government substantial losses but ultimately won the war. Hispano-Soviet advisor Francisco Ciutat de Miguel, who was also present at the Bay of Pigs Invasion, played a major role in the pacification operation. Castro employed overwhelming force, at times sending in as many as 250,000 government troops.[13]
The insurgency was eventually crushed by the Castros' use of vastly superior numbers. Cuban government combat leader Victor Dreke gave a pro-Castro viewpoint in his 2002 book From el Escambray to the Congo. This is notable for its virulent condemnation of former comrades from the war against Batista.[14] However, Dreke also describes the tactics and mindset of the Cuban government forces and its ruthless use of force and no-prisoners attitude.
Some of the insurgents ultimately surrendered, but they were immediately executed by firing squad. Others fought to the death. Only a handful managed to escape.[11][15][16]
The War Against the Bandits actually lasted longer and involved more soldiers than had the previous struggle against Batista's forces.[17][18]