Venice Biennale

The Venice Biennale (Italian: Biennale di Venezia; also called in English the "Venice Biennial") is a major contemporary art exhibition that takes place once every two years (in odd years) in Venice, Italy. The Venice Film Festival is part of it. So too is the Venice Biennale of Architecture, which is held in even years. A dance section, the "International Festival of Contemporary Dance", was established in 1999.[1]

Contents

History

The first Biennale was held in 1895; during the first editions, decorative arts played an important role. The event became more and more international in the first decades of the 20th century: from 1907 on, several countries started installing national pavilions at the exhibition. After World War I, the Biennale showed increasing interest in innovative traditions in modern art. Between the two World Wars, many important modern artists had their work exhibited there.

In 1930, control of the Biennale passed from the Venice city council to the national Fascist government. In the 1930s, several new sections of the event were established: the Music Festival in 1930, the International Film Festival in 1932 and the Theatre Festival in 1934. From 1938, Grand Prizes were awarded in the art exhibition section.

After a six-year break during World War II, the Biennale was resumed in 1948 with renewed attention to avant-garde movements in European, and later worldwide, movements in contemporary art. Abstract expressionism was introduced in the 1950s, and the Biennale is credited with importing Pop Art into the canon of art history by awarding the top prize to Robert Rauschenberg in 1964.[2] From 1948 to 1972, Italian architect Carlo Scarpa did a series of remarkable interventions in the Biennales exhibition spaces.

The protests of 1968 marked a crisis for the Biennale; the Grand Prizes were abandoned and more emphasis went to thematic exhibitions instead of monographic ones. In 1972, for the first time the Biennale adopted a theme: 'work and behaviour'. The 1974 edition was entirely dedicated to Chile, as a major cultural protest against the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. New prizes - Golden Lions, like the awards for the Venice Film Festival - were installed; postmodern art entered the scene with increasingly varied and popular exhibitions.

In 1980, Achille Bonito Oliva and Harald Szeemann introduced "Aperto", a section of the exhibition designed to explore emerging art. Italian art historian Giovanni Carandente directed the 1988 and 1990 editions. A three-year gap was left afterwards to make sure that the 1995 edition would coincide with the 100th anniversary of the Biennale. The 1993 edition was directed by Achille Bonito Oliva. In 1995, Jean Clair was appointed to be the Biennale's first non-Italian director of visual arts[3] while Germano Celant served as director in 1997.

In 1999 and 2001, Harald Szeemann directed two editions in a row (48th & 49th) bringing in a larger representation of artists from Asia and Eastern Europe and more young artist than usual and expanded the show into several newly restored spaces of the Arsenale.

The 50th edition, directed by Francesco Bonami, had a record number of seven co-curators involved, including Hans Ulrich Obrist, Catherine David, Igor Zabel, Hou Hanru and Massimiliano Gioni. The 51st edition of the Biennale opened in June 2005, curated, for the first time by two women, Maria de Corral and Rosa Martinez. De Corral organized "The Experience of Art" which included 41 artists, from past masters to younger figures. Rosa Martinez took over the Arsenale with "Always a Little Further." Drawing on "the myth of the romantic traveler" her exhibition involved 49 artists, ranging from the elegant to the profane. In 2007, Robert Storr became the first director from the United States to curate the 52nd edition of the Biennale entitled Think with the Senses – Feel with the Mind. Art in the Present Tense. Swedish curator Daniel Birnbaum was artistic director of the 2009 edition, followed by Bice Curiger in 2011.

The Biennale has an attendance today of over 300,000 visitors.[4]

Format

The formal Biennale is based at a park, the Giardini, that houses 30 permanent national pavilions. The number of countries represented is still growing. In 2005, China was showing for the first time, followed by the African Pavilion and Mexico ( 2007), the United Arab Emirates (2009), and India (2011).[5] The assignment of the permanent pavilions was largely dictated by the international politics of the 1930s and the Cold War. There is no single format to how each country manages their pavilion. The pavilion for Great Britain is always managed by the British Council while the United States assigns the responsibility to a public gallery chosen by the Department of State. The Giardini includes a large exhibition hall that houses a themed exhibition curated by the Biennale's director. Countries not owning a pavilion in the Giardini are exhibited in other venues across Venice.

In 2011, the countries are Albania, Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China(PR), Congo(DR), Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech and Slovak Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Haiti, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. In addition to this there are two collective pavilions: Central Asia Pavilion and Istituto Italo-Latino Americano.

Initiated in 1980, the Aperto began as a fringe event for younger artists and artists of a national origin not represented by the permanent national pavilions. This is usually staged in the Arsenale and has become part of the formal biennale programme. In 1995 there was no Aperto so a number of participating countries hired venues to show exhibitions of emerging artists.

Role in the art market

When the Venice Biennale was founded in 1895, one of its main goals was to establish a new market for contemporary art. Between 1942 and 1968 a sales office assisted artists in finding clients and selling their work,[6] a service for which it charged 10% commission. Sales remained an intrinsic part of the biennale until 1968, when a sales ban was enacted. An important practical reason why the focus on non-commodities has failed to decouple Venice from the market is that the biennale itself lacks the funds to produce, ship and install these large-scale works. Therefore the financial involvement of dealers is indispensable.[2] Furthermore, every other year the Venice Biennale coincides with nearby Art Basel, the world's prime commercial fair for modern and contemporary art.

National Pavilions

Argentina

In 1901, Argentina was the first Latin American nation to participate in the Biennale. In 2011, it was granted a pavilion in the Sale d'Armi, which it will restore.[7]

List of exhibitors in the Argentinian Pavilion:

Australia

The Australian Pavilion, designed by Philip Cox, was opened in 1988.[8] Australia's participation at the Venice Biennale is managed by the Australia Council for the Arts.

List of exhibitors in the Australian Pavilion:

Austria

Designed by Joseph Hoffmann with the collaboration of Robert Kramreiter, 1934 (restored by Hans Hollein, 1984).[8] The clear symmetrical building, conceived as a white cube from the outset, was the first Venice pavilion to have been designed by a leading Classical Modern architect. The Hoffmann pavilion was not used following the annexation of Austria by the Third Reich in 1938, nor in the subsequent Biennale years of 1940 and 1942. Austrian artists with close ties to the Nazi regime were shown in the German Pavilion.[9]

List of exhibitors in the Austrian Pavilion:

Belgium

Designed by Leon Sneyers, 1907 (totally restored by Virgilio Vallot, 1948).[8]

List of exhibitors in the Belgian Pavilion:

Brazil

Designed by Amerigo Marchesin, 1964.[8]

List of exhibitors in the Brazilian Pavilion:

Canada

The Canadian pavilion was designed by the Milan-based architecture firm BBPR (Gian Luigi Banfi, Ludovico Barbiano di Belgiojoso, Enrico Peressutti, Ernesto Nathan Rogers) and was first used at the 1958 biennale.[8] The nation has been participating in the international exhibition since 1952.[10]

List of exhibitors in the Canadian Pavilion:

Central Asia

List of exhibitors in the Central Asia Pavilion:

Curators: Viktor Misiano Commissioner: Churek Djamgerchinova

The first Central Asian Pavilion was an initiative of Victor Miziano in 2005. In the following years the second pavilion was organized by Yulia Sorokina (Almaty) and the third by Beral Madra (Istanbul). Each of these exhibitions was different in format and approach. The first one – Art from Central Asia. A Contemporary Archive – aimed at placing Central Asia on the ‘map’ of international art. Along the works of invited artists, there were many video compilations of films, performance and happenings presented by Central Asian artists from the end of 90s and beginning of 2000.

Artists: Said Atabekov, Vyacheslav Akhunov & Sergey Tychina, Maksim Boronilov & Roman Maskalev, Elena Vorobyeva & Viktor Vorobyev, Muratbek Djumaliev & Gulnara Kasmalieva, Sergey Maslov, Almagul Menlibaeva, Erbossyn Meldibekov, Alexander Nikolaev, Rustam Khalfin & Yulia Tikhonova.

Commissioner and curator: Yulia Sorokina

Artists: Roman Maskalev, Almagul Menlibaeva & German Popov, Gulnur Mukazhanova, Alexander Nikolaev, Aleksey Rumyantsev, Alexander Ugay Mediateka: Аsia Animation, Said Atabekov, Vyacheslav Akhunov, Alla Girik & Oksana Shatalova, Digsys, Natalia Dyu, Zadarnovsky Brothers, Gaukhar Kiyekbayeva, Vyacheslav Useinov, Jamol Usmanov, Aytegin Muratbek Uulu, Jamshed Kholikov, ZITABL

Muzykstan, which was curated by Yulia Sorokina, also included a ‘media library’ of various art productions that had not been shown on the international art scene yet. On the contrary, Making Interstices by Beral Madra had already focused on the exhibition of selected individual projects.

Curator: Beral Madra Commissioner: Vittorio Urbani

Artists: Ermek Jaenish, Jamshed Kholikov, Anzor Salidjanov, Oksana Shatalova, Elena Vorobyeva & Viktor Vorobyev

Official website: www.centralasiaart.org

The exhibition of the Central Asia Pavilion, Lingua Franca / Франк тили presents the works of contemporary artists from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan as well as a video-retrospective of Central Asian avant-garde.

Artists: Natalia Andrianova, Said Atabekov, Artyom Ernst, Galim Madanov and Zauresh Terekbay, Yerbossyn Meldibekov, Alexander Nikolaev, Marat Raiymkulov, Aleksey Rumyantsev and Alla Rumyantseva, Adis Seitaliev

Curators: Boris Chukhovich, Georgy Mamedov, Oksana Shatalova Commissioners: Asel Akmatova, Andris Brinkmanis

Czechoslovakia

Designed by Otakar Novotný, 1926 (annex built by Boguslav Rychlinch, 1970).[8]

List of exhibitors in the Czech and Slovak Pavilion:

Denmark

Designed by Carl Brummer, 1932 (annex designed by Peter Koch, 1958).[8]

The Danish Arts Council Committee for International Visual Arts serves as commissioner for the Danish Pavilion at the Biennale, where Denmark has taken part since 1895.[11]

List of exhibitors in the Danish Pavilion:

Egypt

Egypt was assigned a pavilion in 1952.

List of exhibitors in the Egyptian Pavilion:

Finland

Designed by Alvar Aalto to be a temporary construction for the architecture biennale in 1956, the pavilion was later restored by Fredrik Fogh with the collaboration of Elsa Makiniemi, 1976–1982. Also used by Iceland.[8]

France

France will be celebrating nearly a century in its pavilion at the 2011 Venice Biennale, which was designed by Faust Finzi in 1912.[10]

List of exhibitors in the French Pavilion:

Germany

The commissioner for the German contribution to Biennial is the German Foreign Ministry. On the suggestion of an advisory committee, comprising museum directors and art experts as members, the ministry appoints a curator (formerly: commissioner) who is responsible for the selection of the artists and the organisation of the contribution. This appointment is usually for two years in succession. From 1982 until 1990 the German Democratic Republic organized its own exhibitions in the former Pavilion of Decorative Art. Germany's pavilion was redesigned by Ernst Haiger and inaugurated in 1938 by the ruling Nazi government, a fact that has inspired artistic responses from some presenters.[10] It was originally designed by Daniele Donghi in 1909.[8]

List of exhibitors in the German Pavilion:

Great Britain

Designed by Edwin Alfred Rickards, 1909.[8]

Since 1938 the British Council has been responsible for the British Pavilion in Venice, showing British artists at the Venice Biennale.

List of exhibitors in the British Pavilion:

Greece

Designed by Brenno Del Giudice, M. Papandre, 1934.[8] In 1934, after the Biennale had organised a second exhibition in Athens (1993) - Greece officially took part for the first time in the Venice exhibition. The exhibitions at the pavilion are commissioned by the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism.

List of exhibitors in the Greek Pavilion:

Hungary

Designed by Géza Rintel Maróti, 1909 (restored by Agost Benkhard, 1958).[8]

List of exhibitors in the Hungarian Pavilion:

Iceland

In 1984, as Finland had joined Norway and Sweden in the Nordic Pavilion, Iceland was given the opportunity to rent the Finnish pavilion until 2006.[8]

List of exhibitors in the Icelandish Pavilion:[12]

India

In 2011, India was featured for the first time after 116 years, with the support of the culture ministry and the organizational participation of the Lalit Kala Akademi.[10] Biennale organizers have reportedly invited the country to participate in past years, but the government has declined until now — a decision attributed to a lack of communication between the culture ministry and the country's National Gallery of Modern Art.[10]

Iraq

In 2011, Iraq returned to the Biennale for the first time after a 35-year absence. The title of the Iraq Pavilion was "Acqua Ferita" (translated as "Wounded Water"). Six important Iraqi artists from two generations interpreted the theme of water in their works, which made up the exhibition: Adel Abidin, Halim Al Karim, Ahmed Alsoudani, Ali Assaf, Azad Nanakeli, and Walid Siti.

Ireland

List of exhibitors in the Irish Pavilion:

Israel

Designed by Zeev Rechter, 1952 (modified by Fredrik Fogh, 1966).[8]

Partial list of exhibitors at the Israeli Pavilion:

Italy

"Palazzo Pro Arte": Enrico Trevisanato, façade by Marius De Maria and Bartholomeo Bezzi, 1895; new façade by Guido Cirilli, 1914; "Padiglione Italia", present façade by Duilio Torres 1932. The pavilion has a sculpture garden by Carlo Scarpa, 1952 and the "Auditorium Pastor" by Valeriano Pastor, 1977.[8]

Partial list of exhibitors at the Italian Pavilion:

Japan

Designed by Takamasa Yoshizaka, 1956.[8] Japan has the longest history at the Venice Biennale compared to any other Asian nation.

List of exhibitors in the Japanese Pavilion:

Netherlands

In 1914, the Swedish Pavilion, designed by Gustav Ferdninand Boberg, was handed over to the Netherlands. In 1954 the Dutch pavilion was demolished and reconstructed on the same site, designed by Gerrit Thomas Rietveld in 1954.[8]

Since 1995, the Mondriaan Foundation has been responsible for the Dutch entry at the Biennale di Venezia, appointing a curator for each entry.

Dutch artists and curators of previous editions:

Poland

List of exhibitors in the Polish Pavilion:

Russia

Designed by Aleksej V. Scusev, 1914.[8]

List of exhibitors in the Russian Pavilion:

Scandinavia

Designed by Sverre Fehn, 1962 (small annex built by Fredrik Fogh, 1987).[8]

The cooperation between Finland, Norway and Sweden in Venice was initiated in 1962 after the completion of the Nordic Pavilion. The responsibility for representation in each Biennale alternates between the collaborating countries.

List of exhibitors in the Nordic Pavilion:

South Korea

Designed by Seok Chul Kim and Franco Mancuso, 1995.[8]

South Korea has participated in the Venice Biennale since 1995.

List of exhibitors in the South Korean Pavilion:

Spain

Designed by Javier de Luque, 1922 (façade restored by Joaquin Vaquero Palacios, 1952).[8]

List of exhibitors in the Spanish Pavilion:

Switzerland

Designed by Bruno Giacometti, 1952.[8]

List of exhibitors in the Swiss Pavilion:

United States of America

The United States Pavilion at the Venice Biennale was constructed in 1930[13] by the Grand Central Art Galleries, a nonprofit artists' cooperative established in 1922 by Walter Leighton Clark together with John Singer Sargent, Edmund Greacen, and others.[14] As stated in the Galleries' 1934 catalog, the organization's goal was to "give a broader field to American art; to exhibit in a larger way to a more numerous audience, not in New York alone but throughout the country, thus displaying to the world the inherent value which our art undoubtedly possesses."[15]

Having worked tirelessly to promote American art at home the 1920s, in 1930 Walter Leighton Clark and the Grand Central Art Galleries spearheaded the creation of the U.S. Pavilion at the Venice Biennale.[16] Up until then there was no place at the Biennale dedicated to American art, and Clark felt that it was crucial to establishing the credentials of the nation's artists abroad.[17] The pavilion's architects were William Adams Delano, who also designed the Grand Central Art Galleries, and Chester Holmes Aldrich. The purchase of the land, design, and construction was paid for by the galleries and personally supervised by Clark. As he wrote in the 1934 catalog:

"Pursuing our purpose of putting American art prominently before the world, the directors a few years ago appropriated the sum of $25,000 for the erection of an exhibition building in Venice on the grounds of the International Biennial. Messrs. Delano and Aldrich generously donated the plans for this building which is constructed of Istrian marble and pink brick and more than holds its own with the twenty-five other buildings in the Park owned by the various European governments."[15]

The pavilion, owned and operated by the galleries, opened on May 4, 1930. Approximately 90 paintings and 12 sculptures were selected by Clark for the opening exhibition. Artists featured included Max Boehm, Hector Caser, Lillian Westcott Hale, Edward Hopper, Abraham Poole, Julius Rolshoven, Joseph Pollet, Eugene Savage, Elmer Shofeld, Ofelia Keelan, and African-American artist Henry Tanner. U.S. Ambassador John W. Garrett opened the show together with the Duke of Bergamo.[13]

The Grand Central Art Galleries operated the U.S. Pavilion until 1954, when it was sold to the Museum of Modern Art. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s shows were organized by the Modern, Art Institute of Chicago, and Baltimore Museum of Art. The Modern withdrew from the Biennale in 1964, and the United States Information Agency ran the Pavilion until it was sold to the Guggenheim Museum courtesy of funds provided by the Peggy Guggenheim Collection.[18]

Since 1986 the Peggy Guggenheim Collection has worked with the United States Information Agency, the US Department of State and the Fund for Artists at International Festivals and Exhibitions in the organization of the visual arts exhibitions at the US Pavilion, while the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation has organized the comparable shows at the Architecture Biennales. Every two years museum curators from across the U.S. detail their visions for the American pavilion in proposals that are reviewed by the NEA Federal Advisory Committee on International Exhibitions (FACIE), a group comprising curators, museum directors and artists who then submit their recommendations to the public-private Fund for United States Artists at International Festivals and Exhibitions.[19] Traditionally the endowment's selection committee has chosen a proposal submitted by a museum or curator, but in 2004 it simply chose an artist who in turn has nominated a curator, later approved by the State Department.[20]

Exhibitors

Partial list of exhibitors at the United States Pavilion:[21]

Uruguay

Ex-warehouse of the Biennale, 1958, ceded to the government of Uruguay, 1960.[8]

List of exhibitors in the Uruguayan Pavilion:

Venezuela

Designed by Carlo Scarpa, 1956.[8]

List of exhibitors in the Venezuelan Pavilion:

Other

Golden Lions

Unofficial Pavilions

As well as the national pavilions there are countless other 'unofficial pavilions'[22] that spring up every year. 2009 saw pavilions such as the Gabon Pavilion and even a Peckham pavilion. A notable pavilion is the [1], the 2011 Internet Pavilion featured work by many upcoming artists in new media such as Adham Faramawy, Agnes Bolt, Alterazioni Video, Albertine Meunier, Andreas Angelidakis, Alexandre Arrechea, Angelo Plessas, Anna Franceschini, Billy Rennekamp, Boris Eldagser, Britta Thie, Claudia Rossini, Cristian Bugatti, Elisa Giardina Papa, Emily Jones & Sarah Hartnett (Year of the Hare), Giallo Concialdi, Hayley Silverman, Interno3 and crew, Iocose, Ivano Atzori, Jaime Martinez, Jeremy Bailey, Julien Levesque, Les liens invisibles, LG Williams/Estate Of LG Williams, Luca Bolognesi, LuckyPDF, Marc Kremers, Marco Cadioli, Marisa Olson, Marlous Borm, Martin Cole, Matteo Erenbourg, Michael Borras aka Systaime, Mike Ruiz, Miltos Manetas, Nazareno Crea, Nikola Tosic, Parker Ito, Pegy Zali, Petros Moris, Priscilla Tea, Protey Temen, Rachele Maistrello, Rafaël Rozendaal, Rene Abythe, Riley Harmon, Sarah Ciraci, Tele Ghetto Haiti, Theodoros Giannakis, Travess Smalley, Thomas Cheneseau, UBERMORGEN.COM,Valery Grancer,Wojciech Kosma, Yuri Pattison. The full and long story of the officiality of the Internet Pavilion is talked about by its creators Jan Aman and Miltos Manetas.

See Unofficial Pavilions (Venice Biennale)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Dance". La Biennale di Venezia. http://www.labiennale.org/en/dance/. Retrieved October 22, 2011. 
  2. ^ a b Velthuis, Olav (June 3, 2011). "The Venice Effect". The Art Newspaper. http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/The-Venice-Effect/23951. Retrieved October 22, 2011. 
  3. ^ Riding, Alan (June 10, 1995). "Past Upstages Present at Venice Biennale". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/10/arts/past-upstages-present-at-venice-biennale.html?src=pm. Retrieved October 22, 2011. 
  4. ^ "The British Council and the Venice Biennale". UK at the Venice Biennale. British Council. 2009. http://venicebiennale.britishcouncil.org/about/. Retrieved October 22, 2011. 
  5. ^ Vogel, Carol (June 7, 2009). "A More Serene Biennale". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/08/arts/design/08roun.html?ref=venicebiennale. Retrieved October 22, 2011. 
  6. ^ Adam, Georgina (June 6, 2009). "Trading places". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/63f20e8a-50a4-11de-9530-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1Wzuv6naN. Retrieved October 22, 2011. 
  7. ^ Hirsch, Faye (June 2, 2011). "Adrian Villar Rojas: The Last Sculpture on Earth". Art in America. http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-opinion/conversations/2011-06-02/adrian-villar-rojas-venice-biennale-argentina/. Retrieved October 22, 2011. 
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Martino, Enzo Di. The History of the Venice Biennale. Venezia: Papiro Arte, 2007.
  9. ^ "The Austrian Pavilion". la Biennale 2011 Austria, Markus Schinwald, Commissioner Eva Schlegel. Federal Ministry for Education, Arts and Culture. http://www.labiennale.at/2011/page.php?id=407&item=1688&lang_id=en. Retrieved October 22, 2011. 
  10. ^ a b c d e "ARTINFO's Comprehensive Guide to the 2011 Venice Biennale National Pavilions". ARTINFO. Louise Blouin Media. May 30, 2011. http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/33767/artinfos-comprehensive-guide-to-the-2011-venice-biennale-national-pavilions/. Retrieved October 22, 2011. 
  11. ^ "SPEECH MATTERS - The Danish Pavilion at the 54th International Art Exhibition - la Biennale di Venezia" (PDF). Danish Pavilion. May 20, 2011. http://www.danish-pavilion.org/pdf/Press_Release_20_May_2011_English.pdf. Retrieved October 22, 2011. 
  12. ^ A Brief Look Back: Icelandic Participation at the Venice Biennale, LIST Icelandic Art News, 28 February 2007.
  13. ^ a b c "American Art Show Opened at Venice", New York Times, May 5, 1930
  14. ^ "Painters and Sculptors' Gallery Association to Begin Work", New York Times, December 19, 1922
  15. ^ a b http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/collection/grancent.htm|1934 Grand Central Art Galleries catalog
  16. ^ "Venice to Exhibit Art of Americans", The New York Times, March 6, 1932
  17. ^ Vogel, Carol (August 3, 2004). "American Art Is Adrift for Biennale in Venice". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/03/arts/american-art-is-adrift-for-biennale-in-venice.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm. Retrieved October 22, 2011. 
  18. ^ "US Pavilion". Peggy Guggenheim Collection. The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. http://www.guggenheim-venice.it/inglese/pavilion/index.php. Retrieved October 22, 2011. 
  19. ^ Vogel, Carol (May 12, 2011). "War Machines (With Gymnasts)". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/15/arts/design/allora-calzadilla-gloria-venice-biennale.html?ref=design. Retrieved October 22, 2011. 
  20. ^ Vogel, Carol (October 29, 2004). "Ruscha to Represent U.S. at the Venice Biennale". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/29/arts/design/29voge.html?_r=1&ref=venicebiennale. Retrieved October 22, 2011. 
  21. ^ La Biennale di Venezia - Chelsea Art Galleries
  22. ^ Horan, Tom (June 8, 2009). "Venice Biennale: finding out about the now". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/venice-biennale/5454349/Venice-Biennale-finding-out-about-the-now.html. Retrieved October 22, 2011. 

Further reading

External links