West Slavs

The West Slavs are Slavic peoples speaking West Slavic languages. They include Poles (with Kashubians and Silesians), Czechs, Slovaks, Lusatian Sorbs and the historical Polabians. The northern or Lechitic group includes, along with Polish, the extinct Polabian and Pomeranian languages. The languages of Upper and Lower Lusatia have features in common with both the Lechitic and the Czecho-Slovak group[3].

Culturally, West Slavs developed along the lines of other Western European nations due to affiliation with the Roman Empire and Western Christianity[4] Thus, they experienced a cultural split with the other Slavic groups: while the East Slavs and most South Slavs converted to Orthodox Christianity, thus being culturally influenced by the Byzantine Empire, the West Slavs along with the westernmost South Slavs (Slovenes and Croats) converted to Roman Catholicism, thus coming under the cultural influence of the Latin Church. (Rarely, the term "West Slavs" includes these Catholic South Slavs.)

Contents

History

In Middle Ages the name Wends (Venedi or Venedae, taken from Jordanes and Tacitus) was applied to Western Slavic peoples, most often those living in the Holy Roman Empire. Mieszko I, the first historical ruler of Poland, also appeared as "Dagome, King of the Wends" (Old Norse Vindakonungr).

The early Slavic expansion began in the 5th century, and by the 6th century, the groups that would become the West, East and South Slavic groups had probably become geographically separated. The first independent West Slavic states originate beginning in the 7th century, with the Empire of Samo (623 - 658), the Principality of Moravia (8th c. - 833), the Principality of Nitra (8th c. - 833) and Great Moravia (833 - c. 907). The Sorbs and other Polabian Slavs like Obodrites and Veleti came under the domination of the Holy Roman Empire after the Wendish Crusade[5] in the Middle Ages and had been strongly Germanized by Germans at the end of 19th century. The Polabian language survived until the beginning of the 19th century in what is now the German state of Lower Saxony.[6] To this day survived only 60.000 of Sorbs living predominantly in Lusatia, a region on the territory of modern Germany in the states of Brandenburg and Saxony.[7]

The central Polish tribe of the Polans created their own state in the 10th century under the Polish duke Mieszko I. For many centuries Poland has had close ties with its western neighbours, with the Polish ruler Bolesław I the Brave declared by Holy Roman Emperor Otto III as Frater et Cooperator Imperii ("Brother and Partner in the Empire")[8]. During the 18th century some of the Poles (living in Austrian Galicia) became subjects/citizens of the Habsburg monarchy (which ruled the area until 1918). The precursors of the Czechs (i.e. Bohemians) migrated into Bohemia in the late 6th century and had established various fiefdoms by the 10th century when their rulers eventually became vassals (1002) of the Holy Roman Emperors. Kingdom of Bohemia stayed part of that Empire between 1002–1419 and 1526–1918. Predecessors of Slovaks came under Hungarian domination after 907 (doom of the Great Moravia) – together with other Slavic groups as Croats, Slovenians, Dalmatians and Rusyns. Both the Czechs and the Slovaks were under rule of the Habsburg monarchy from 1526 to 1804; then in the Austrian Empire and between 1867–1918 part of Austria-Hungary.

West Slavic groups in 10th c.

West Slavs from the Bavarian Geographer

In 845 the Bavarian Geographer made a list of West Slavic tribes who lived in the areas of modern day Poland, Czech Republic, Denmark and Germany (some groups are known today to be non-Slavic):

Pos. Latin name in 845 English name no. of gords
2 Uuilci
 Veleti/Wilzi 95
7 Hehfeldi
 Hevellians 8
14 Osterabtrezi
 East Obotrites 100
15 Miloxi
 67
17 Thadesi
 200
18 Glopeani
 Goplans 400
33 Lendizi Lendians 98
34 Thafnezi
 257
36 Prissani
 Pyritzans 70
37 Uelunzani
 Wolinians 70
38 Bruzi
 Old Prussians
48 Uuislane
 Vistulans
49 Sleenzane
 Silesians 15
50 Lunsizi
 Sorbs 30
52 Milzane
 Milceni 30
56 Lupiglaa
 30
57 Opolini
 Opolanie 20
58 Golensizi
 Golenszyce 5
53 Besunzane
 Bezunczans 2
51 Diadesisi
 Dziadoszyce 20

See also

References

  1. ^ From Kossina to Bromley. Ethnogenesis in Slavic Archaeology. Florin Curta. Pg 206. .. the local Slavs of the prehistoric period, as seen from the archaeological evidence, were fair haired people with elongated skulls
  2. ^ Carleton S Coon. The Races of Europe. Chapter VI, section 7 "Iron Age Peoples. "The evidence of literary sources makes the Slavs of nordic stature and pigmentation, that of osteology makes them the same in the metrical and morphological sense"
  3. ^ Bohemia and Poland. Chapter 20.pp 512-513. [in:] Timothy Reuter. The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900-c.1024. 2000
  4. ^ Slav - Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
  5. ^ Christiansen, Erik (1997). The Northern Crusades. London: Penguin Books. p. 287. ISBN 0-14-026653-4.
  6. ^ Polabian language
  7. ^ Die Sorben in Deutschland, M.Schiemann, Stiftung für das sorbische Volk, Görlitz 1997
  8. ^ Rez. MA: M. Borgolte (Hg.): Polen und Deutschland vor 1000 Jahren - H-Soz-u-Kult / Rezensionen / Bücher
  9. ^ a b c d e f Jerzy Strzelczyk. Bohemia and Poland: two examples of successful western Slavonic state-formation. In: Timothy Reuter ed. The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900-c. 1024. Cambridge University Press. 1995. p. 514.
East Slavs
West Slavs
South Slavs