| VoMi | |
|---|---|
| Hauptamt Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle | |
| VoMi was a Nazi party agency under the administration of the SS. | |
| In March 1941 Deputy Führer Rudolph Hess and Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler visit an exhibition of proposed rural German settlements within occupied Eastern Europe. | |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | c.1937 |
| Preceding agency | Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle (VoMi) |
| Dissolved | May 8, 1945 |
| Superseding agency | Reichskommissar für die Festigung deutschen Volkstums (RKFDV) |
| Jurisdiction | Germany Occupied Europe |
| Headquarters | Hauptamt Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle, Unter den Linden 64, Berlin |
| Employees | 5,000 c.January 1942 |
| Ministers responsible | NSDAP Reichsschatzmeister Franz Xaver Schwarz, (1937-1939) Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler, (1939-1945) |
| Agency executive | SS-Obergruppenführer Werner Lorenz, Chef für Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle (1937-1945) |
| Parent agency | NSDAP Allgemeine-SS |
The Hauptamt Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle (English: Main Welfare Office for Ethnic Germans) (VoMi) was an NSDAP agency founded to manage the interests of the Volksdeutsche (English: Ethnic Germans) who lived outside the borders of Nazi Germany.
It would later, under Allgemeine-SS administration, become responsible for orchestrating the Nazi ideology of Lebensraum (English: Living space) in Eastern Europe.
It was founded in 1937 under the command of SS-Obergruppenführer Werner Lorenz as a state office of the Nazi Party. Its headquarters were on Unter den Linden, Berlin (this changed to Keithstraße in 1943 due to Allied Bombing). VoMi's primary task was the resettlement of German peoples outside Germany. Between 1939 and 1942, VoMi had resettled half a million ethnic Germans into the newly occupied territories of the Reich under the slogan "Heim ins Reich" (English: Home into the Empire). These territories included the Reichsgaus of the German Reich, these included Wartheland (Posen) and Danzig-West Prussia (Danzig).[1]
On October 7, 1939, two days after Poland had been overrun, Adolf Hitler appointed Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler Reichskommissar für die Festigung deutschen Volkstums (RKFDV) "Reich Commissar for the Strengthening of German Ethnic Stock". This position authorized the SS to plan, initiate, and control the pace of germanisation, settlement and population transfer projects in occupied Poland; this was later expanded to occupied Russia.
In 1941 the RKFDV was upgraded to an SS Main Office (Hauptamt) with control over all VoMi personnel and field offices. The RKFDV, as an SS-conrtolled organization, had the authority to say who was German, where ethnic Germans could live, and what populations should be cleared or annihilated in order to make room for the German settlers. As RKFDV chief, Himmler authorized the SS-Einsatzgruppen and other SS police units to round up and kill Jews, Slavs and Roma.
In June 1942 Himmler put all VoMi personnel under the jurisdiction of the SS Police and Courts. With Hitler's blessing, Himmler now had complete control over VoMi, Volksdeutsche policy and Lebensraum programs. Although VoMi remained technically an office of the Nazi Party until the end of the Second World War, it was under the control of the SS.
The Hauptamt Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle had 11 departments (German: Ämter or Amtsgruppe)::[2]
("Headquarters") This department, unlike other VoMi Amts, contained only SS personnel. It contained SS legal officers and a Waffen-SS unit.
("Organization and Personnel") This was managed by an SD officer. It dealt with SS and non-SS personnel within the Volksdeutsche. In the later period of the war, Amt II's importance increased as it was responsible for allocating Volksdeutsche to the Reich Labor Service.
("Finances, Economics and Administration") It was responsible for financing VoMi projects and distributing funds to Volksdeutsche. It was the only department that remained under complete control of the Nazi State and not the Allgemeine SS.
("Propaganda") This department documented and reported all VoMi activity and resettlement projects. It worked closely with Joseph Goebbels' Ministry of Information. Amt IV also published information journals for the German settlers.
("Cultural and Educational services") This provided cultural and educational services to help Volksdeutsche assimilate to German ways.
("Office of ethnic Germans within Germany") This office looked after the welfare of ethnic Germans that had been allowed to settle within the borders of Germany. It also assessed potential candidates for settlement grading them on their ethnicity, politics and skills. However, Amt VI, although tasked with the welfare of Volksdeutsche, worked closely with the Gestapo and the SD of the RSHA.
("Office of ethnic Germans in Eastern Europe") It had a similar role as Amt VI but looked after the welfare of ethnic Germans in Eastern Europe, such as in occupied Poland, Czechoslovakia and Russia. It had field offices in Krakow, Riga and Kiev.
("Archive and Records of ethnic German culture") This section was engaged in collating and archiving the cultural history of resettled Volksdeutsche. The department also acted as a curator for artifacts, treasure and documents belonging to ethnic Germans.
("Political office of German ethnic groups") The SS considered this to be the most important department within VoMi as it provided the political leadership for ethnic Germans within the Third Reich and occupied Europe. Amt IX had several sub divisions, these included domestic affairs, relations between ethnic Germans and the Nazi Party, affairs between foreign states and the Third Reich regarding ethnic Germans and liaisons with the Nazi Foreign Ministry.
("Office managing the economics of ethnic Germans") This office established agriculture, work projects, banking and credit for the Volksdeutsche. During the Second World War its main role was the exploitation of the ethnic Germans in the interest of the Third Reich.
("Resettlement") This department was primarily responsible for handling the massive germanisation operation to settle Volksdeutsche throughout Germany and Occupied Europe.
A VoMi unit, Sonderkommando R (Russland), institutional successor to Einsatzgruppe D in the Transnistria area, carried out numerous massacres of Jews during the first half of 1942. The victims were deportees from Rumanian-controlled territory, it being Marshal Ion Antonescu's policy to racially "cleanse" the Rumanian nation. His preferred technique was to expell them to German-controlled territory and have the responsible SS/ Police units exterminate them. Many of these Jews were passed back and forth for weeks before a mix of Sk-R units and ethnic German Selbstschutz militia killed them.
Most of these murders occurred in the County (Judetul) of Berezovca, where ethnic Germans, distributed among 40 or so villages, made up 40% of the population. Sk-R was commanded by SS-Standartenfuher Horst Hoffmeyer, a senior VoMi officer. His HQ was in Landau, located west of the River Bug. Apparently, the unit was divided into seven local offices, three of which were:
Liebl's unit, for example, was responsible for the massacre of 1,200 Jews at Suha Verba in early June 1942.
Slightly more detail on this can be found in Andrej Angrick's paper in Yad Vashem Studies XXVI (1998), pp 232-234. Perhaps oddly, Radu Ioanid's The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies Under the Antonescu Regime, 1940-1944 does not cover Sk-R, nor does Valdis O. Lumen's book dedicated to VoMi.
SS-Obergruppenführer August Frank was an official of the SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt (English: Main SS Economic Administration Office) who was responsible for the administration of the Nazi concentration camps.
Frank was responsible for taking the property from Jews murdered in Aktion Reinhard in 1942. After the war, a memorandum prepared by Frank on September 26, 1942 detailed instructions on dealing with this ill-gotten wealth; which even included collecting the underwear of victims. It ordered that the property should be sent to the VoMi offices in Lodz, Poland.
The memorandum, refuted claims that organizations like VoMi, had no knowledge that Jews were being murdered en masse in the extermination camps. The note is also an example of the use of the Nazi euphemism "evacuation" for Jews that were being murdered in The Holocaust.[3]
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