Very high speed digital subscriber line 2

DSL technologies
Standard
ADSL ANSI T1.413 Issue 2
ITU G.992.1 (G.DMT)
ITU G.992.2 (G.Lite)
ADSL2 ITU G.992.3
ITU G.992.4
ITU G.992.3 Annex J
ITU G.992.3 Annex L
ADSL2+ ITU G.992.5
ITU G.992.5 Annex M
HDSL ITU G.991.1
HDSL2  
IDSL  
MSDSL  
PDSL  
RADSL  
SDSL  
SHDSL ITU G.991.2
UDSL  
VDSL ITU G.993.1
VDSL2 ITU G.993.2

Very-high-speed digital subscriber line 2 (VDSL2) is an access technology that exploits the existing infrastructure of copper wires that were originally deployed for traditional telephone service. It can be deployed from central offices, from fiber-optic connected cabinets located near the customer premises, or within buildings. It was defined in standard ITU-T G.993.2 finalized in 2005.[1]

Contents

Description

VDSL2 was the newest and most advanced standard of digital subscriber line (DSL) broadband wireline communications. Designed to support the wide deployment of triple play services such as voice, video, data, high definition television (HDTV) and interactive gaming, VDSL2 was intended to enable operators and carriers to gradually, flexibly, and cost-efficiently upgrade existing xDSL infrastructure.

The protocol was standardized in the International Telecommunication Union telecommunications sector (ITU-T) as Recommendation G.993.2. It was announced as finalized on 27 May 2005,[1] and first published on 17 February 2006. Several corrections and amendments were published in 2007 through 2011.[2]

VDSL2 is an enhancement to very-high-bitrate digital subscriber line (VDSL), Recommendation G.993.1. It permits the transmission of asymmetric and symmetric aggregate data rates up to 200 Mbit/s downstream and upstream on twisted pairs using a bandwidth up to 30 MHz.

VDSL2 deteriorates quickly from a theoretical maximum of 250 Mbit/s at source to 100 Mbit/s at 0.5 km (1,600 ft) and 50 Mbit/s at 1 km (3,300 ft), but degrades at a much slower rate from there, and still outperforms VDSL. Starting from 1.6 km (1 mi) its performance is equal to ADSL2+.

ADSL-like long reach performance is one of the key advantages of VDSL2. LR-VDSL2 enabled systems are capable of supporting speeds of around 1–4 Mbit/s (downstream) over distances of 4–5 km (2.5–3 miles), gradually increasing the bit rate up to symmetric 100 Mbit/s as loop-length shortens. This means that VDSL2-based systems, unlike VDSL1 systems, are not limited to short local loops or MTU/MDUs only, but can also be used for medium range applications.

Profiles

VDSL2 is quite a complex protocol. The standard defines a wide range of profiles that can be used in different VDSL deployment architectures; in the central office, in the cabinet or in the building for example.

Profile Bandwidth (MHz) Number of carriers Carrier bandwidth (kHz) Power (dBm) Max. downstream throughput (Mbit/s)
8a 8.832 2048 4.3125 +17.5 50
8b 8.832 2048 4.3125 +20.5 50
8c 8.5 1972 4.3125 +11.5 50
8d 8.832 2048 4.3125 +14.5 50
12a 12 2783 4.3125 +14.5 68
12b 12 2783 4.3125 +14.5 68
17a 17.664 4096 4.3125 +14.5 100
30a 30 3479 8.625 +14.5 200

Deployment

Europe

Austria
  • Telekom austria started providing VDSL2 under the name Gigaspeed in rural areas in November 2009.[3]
Belgium
  • Belgacom is rolling out Alcatel-Lucent VDSL2 equipment in over 16,000 street cabinets (Q1-2009). Belgacom also provides VDSL2 to smaller enterprises; download speeds are limited at 30 Mbit/s while upload speeds are capped at 5 Mbit/s or 6 Mbit/s, depending on what product. For residential customers, the speed is 30 Mbit/s but Belgacom TV can take a part of that bandwidth for TV-streams. (each stream is 4 Mbit/s for SD or 9Mbit/s for HD).
  • Since the end of May 2009 Dommel offers VDSL2. Dommel has limited the speed at 30 Mbit/s.
  • EDPnet is offering VDSL2 since November 2009. The maximum speed is 30 Mbit/s.
  • All Belgian ADSL customers are being moved to the Belgacom VDSL-based network due to the sale of the Scarlet network to SNCB/NMBS-subsidiary Syntigo.
Czech Republic
  • Telefónica O2 Czech Republic started public testing of VDSL service in mid 2009.[4] Some say its maximum offer will be 42 Mbit/s download, upload rate and price remains unknown.[5][6] At the moment (18 January 2010) 7 switchboards are equipped with VDSL DSLAMs technology and it is mainly tested on T/O2 employees and people who live in block of flats. Due to some "inside" info, any further deployment of VDSL2 DSLAMs has been postponed. According to November 2010 changes in the wholesale reference unbundling offer,[7] network changes necessary to provide VDSL2 will take effect in May 2011. VDSL2 deployment in the Czech Republic most probably won't occur any sooner than that. Other sources claiming themselves familiar with situation report that VDSL2 will be offered since March or April 2011.[8]
Cyprus
  • Primetel promised to start providing vdsl2 service on 1 January 2011. Three download products would have been available 30Mbits, 50Mbits and 100Mbits.[9] No such product has appeared from primtel as yet. This was probably a publicity stunt.
Denmark
  • TDC launched VDSL2 on January 21, 2008.[10]
  • Cybercity is planning to provide VDSL2.[11]
  • Fullrate launched VDSL2 on September 16, 2009,[12] but only for customers on exchanges with Fullrate's own equipment, rather than exchanges with leased equipment from TDC. At September 29, 2010, Fullrate announced that they were able to provide VDSL2 to all Fullrate customers, regardless of exchange.[13]
Estonia
  • Elion launched VDSL2 based business services in 2010. Current packages include 5/5, 50/10 and 100/20 for €16, €20 and €24 a month.
Finland
  • Saunalahti was to provide VDSL2 in December 2006 to small area as a pilot project, but was delayed until further notice due to low firmware satisfaction. In 2010 Saunalahti/Elisa provides VDSL2 subscriptions to some specific areas. An example Elisa product with bundled IPTV services and 100/10 Mbit/s VDSL2 connection costs 39.90€/month.
  • Päijät-Hämeen Puhelin started providing 100/64 Mbit/s VDSL2 subscriptions in 2007 Q1 for €69 to €79 a month.
  • Nebula started providing VDSL2 pilot subscriptions during June 2007, but is currently offering commercial subscriptions for €149 a month (limited area).
  • Suomi Communication Oy Offers both SHDSL and VDSL2 subscriptions where available.
  • DNA Oy offers symmetric 100/100M VDSL2 connections at least in the Oulu area for €60 per month.
  • Sonera offers VDSL2-based subscriptions in their "Laajakaista Extra" service, offering rates 1:1 Mbit/s, 10:10 Mbit/s and 100:10 Mbit/s.
  • PPO-Yhtiöt Oy offers VDSL2-based connections at speeds 10/10, 25/10, 50/10.
France Erenis was deploying VDSL1 and VDSL2 (as Fiber to the premises) until Neuf Cegetel, later absorbed by SFR, bought the company in April 2007.[14] There was no further VDSL deployment in France because the standard has never been approved by the sole owner of the historical copper local loop (France Telecom). VDSL2 use cases are currently evaluated by the DSL tech. introduction workgroup.[15]
Germany
  • T-Home, the landline division of Deutsche Telekom, offers VDSL2 services with download speeds up to 50 Mbit/s and upload speeds up to 10 Mbit/s based on FTTC. They started in late 2006 with offering VDSL2 in the 12 largest cities in Germany; in 2007 residents in over 50 cities have access to VDSL2.[16] It is used to provide Triple play services. Further expansions are planned.
Greece
Hungary T-Home is planning to provide VDSL2 from October 8, 2008.
Iceland
  • Síminn is running VDSL2 on Alcatel-Lucent DSLAM. as a part of FTTC.
Isle of Man
  • Launched VDSL services October 2011
Italy
  • Telecom Italia was planning to provide VDSL2 in Q4 2007, but missed it. Around December 2008 launched VDSL2 (50:3 Mbit/s) under the misleading name of Alice Phibra as a free experiment to few selected customers in the area of Milan.
  • Azienda Sanitaria Locale 3 "Genovese" is doing a trial of Versatek VX-VER160 in campus networks.
Ireland eircom, in late 2006, announced a plan to start providing VDSL2 from 2007 in large cities. However Eircom has announced phase one of a fibre roll-out which they will deploy fibre cabinets along with vdsl2 and triple services.
Netherlands
  • bbned is commercially offering VDSL2 as of Q2 2010.
  • KPN is commercially offering VDSL2 as FttC as of Q1 2009, and VDSL-CO ("Central Office") as of May 2010. KPN will offer VDSL-BR ("Buiten Ring", Outer Ring) starting from Q2 2011. KPN is offering VDSL both retail and wholesale.
  • Tele2 has started offering VDSL2 under the FiberSpeed name, starting Q3 2009.
  • XS4All (owned by KPN), per end of July 2010, offers VDSL2 to its customers.
  • Telfort (owned by KPN), per April 2011, offers VDSL2 to its customers.
Norway
  • NextGenTel offers VDSL2 nationwide, but only in areas where multiple customers report interest. NextGenTel also limit the delivery distance to 800 meters from the telephone exchange.[20]
  • Telenor has announced that they are ready to offer VDSL2 to more than 800 000 households within 2011, available from February 1.[21]
  • Netpower provide VDSL2 in the cities Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger, and Sandnes.
  • Noraxess provides VDSL2 in cities around Helgeland. With speeds up to 50/20Mbit/s.
  • PowerTech provides VDSL2 in Oslo and Akershus.
Poland
  • Telekomunikacja Polska provides VDSL2 at 40/4Mbit/s and 80/8Mbit since July, 2011.
  • Netia provides VDSL2 at 50Mbit/s since December, 2010.
Portugal Clix (ISP) and Portugal Telecom are planning to provide VDSL2 + FTTH in the end of 2008, new technology of PTInovação (PT Labs) called mediaDSLAM can provide 100 Mbit/s in a long range, 4–5 km of main "source", against 0.5 km.
Romania Romtelecom are now offering VDSL2 at 20 Mbit/s and 30 Mbit/s. They were planning to provide VDSL2 in the beginning of 2011 with 50 Mbit/s and 100 Mbit/s speed in 50 cities; in Romtelecom to reach new deals to offer 50 Mbit/s and 100 Mbit/s;
Slovenia
  • TušTelekom is providing VDSL2 to enterprises.
  • Telekom Slovenije is providing VDSL2 since March 5, 2007 to its customers.
  • T-2 is providing VDSL2 to customers since May 2007 and it offers speeds up to 60:25 Mbit/s on copper phone lines.
Spain
  • Telefónica tested the deployment of VDSL2 and they were planning to provide VDSL2 in 2007 or 2008 start, but its commercial deployment was delayed until 2009.[22] Their VDSL2 offer consists of a 30Mbit/s access with an upload capacity of 1Mbit/s.
  • Jazztel Introduced VDSL2 in April 2010.[23] Currently it has finished the deployment of the technology on its network and it's offering 30Mbit/s over VDSL2 with an upstream rate of 3.5Mbit/s.[24]
Sweden
  • Telenor and Telia are negotiating a joint venture to deploy the VDSL2 infrastructure at a cost of 10 billion Swedish kronor.[25]
  • Bredbandsbolaget started conducting VDSL2 tests October 2005, Bredbandsbolaget is now a part of Telenor.[26]
  • On March 13, 2008 TeliaSonera announced it would start deploying VDSL2.[27] Telia are talking about 30 to 70 Mbit/s in downstream.
  • On March 18, 2008, Bredbandsbolaget announced it would start deploying VDSL2 on March 25, 2008.[28] BBB is now offering VDSL2 at 60:20 Mbit/s for customers closer than 800 meters to the telephone station and 40/10 for customers who have between 800 and 1500 meters. The price tag is said to be 399 SEK per month (€37[29])
Switzerland Swisscom is deploying VDSL2 and it is now available to customers since July 1, 2007. Since December 2006 it is in use for IPTV.
Turkey
  • TTNet provides VDSL2 service in 16 Mbit/s, 32 Mbit/s, 50 Mbit/s and 100 Mbit/s.
  • Superonline provides VDSL2 service in 10 Mbit/s, 20 Mbit/s, 50 Mbit/s and 100 Mbit/s.
United Kingdom BT Group trialed VDSL2 in the Muswell Hill, London and Whitchurch, Cardiff Exchanges starting in July 2009. On 23 March 2009, they announced plans to deploy the service to 29 exchanges throughout England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.[30] On 9 July 2009, they announced plans to deploy the service to a further 69 exchanges throughout the UK by the summer of 2010.[31]

May 2010 BT announce £2.5billion plans to roll-out a mixture of VDSL2 FTTC (75%) & GPON FTTP (25%) to 66% of the UK by 2015 with VDSL2 speeds starting at 40Mbit/s down 10Mbit/s up potentially rising to 60Mbit/s down 15Mbit/s up [32]. In October 2011 BT announced that this roll-out was being accelerated such that it will be completed by 2014 (one year earlier than originally planned).[33] May 2011 BT announce plans to double download speeds to 80Mbit/s down and 20Mbit/s up on its VDSL2 network by 2012. This will be achieved by increasing ANFP spectrum usage to 17 MHz.

On 8 October 2009, it was revealed that Virgin Media will trial VDSL2. Residents of Higher Pill, in Saltash, and nearby Hatt will be offered free broadband via a VDSL2 line to a roadside cabinet. The cabinets will be linked to Virgin Media backhaul via new fibre laid by Vtesse Networks through BT's local exchange, 5 km away.[34] The trial eventually resulted in Vtesse networks running the final service without Virgin Media's involvement under their own brand on 1 October 2010.

Ripwire recently announced the availability of up to 40 Mbit/s VDSL2 services for business users and consumers across South Yorkshire which utilises the infrastructure being rolled out by the four main councils in the area; Sheffield, Rotherham, Doncaster and Barnsley which are collectively known as Digital Region Ltd an EU government backed project. The network will offer up to 40 Mbit/s downstream and up to 10 Mbit/s upstream with an assured level of service. The infrastructure consists of FTTC (Fibre to the Cabinet) and sub loop unbundling to provide the last mile connection to the consumer via existing copper.

On 14 April 2010, Rutland Telecom announced that it is to deliver broadband speeds up to 40Mbit/s using a Fibre to the Cabinet solution in the Welsh notspot village of Erbistock. The initiative, backed by private investment, will be the first time that VDSL2 technology has been used in a Welsh rural village.[35]

Asia

Bahrain Lightspeed Communication announced that they will begin deploying VDSL2 technology for residential and business customers in 2012. downstream speed will be up to 80 Mbit/s.[36]
Hong Kong PCCW Limited (Netvigator) and Hutchison Global Communications (HGC) have deployed VDSL2 technology to serve residential and business customers since 2008. Netvigator provides up to 100 Mbit/s downstream and 30 Mbit/s upstream broadband service in VDSL2,[37] while HGC asserts that to provide up to 100 Mbit/s downstream and 100 Mbit/s upstream service.[38] However, due to equipment technical difficulties, HGC connection is pretty unstable. HGC is able to provide both 50 Mbit/s downstream and upstream in most districts of the coverage.
India MTNL has deployed VDSL technology in Mumbai and offers up to 20 Mbit/s downstream.[39]

Airtel has announced 50 Mbit/s Plans using VDSL2.[40]
Israel Bezeq has deployed FTTx with VDSL2 with brand name NGN in September 2009 offering speeds of 20 and 30 Mbit/s downstream and 1 Mbit/s upstream.[41] In October 2010 Bezeq has deployed 50 and 60 Mbit/s downstream speeds and limited upstream speeds of up to 1 Mbit/s. In the beginning of 2011 Bezeq will deploy 200 Mbit/s downstream speed using two copper pairs bonding.
Macau CTM start to test VDSL2 at the 3rd season of 2007. First will be tested in two main buildings in Macau.
Malaysia Telekom Malaysia deployed FTTx and VDSL2 with brand name UniFi in March 2010 offering symmetrical speeds of 5, 10 and 20 Mbit/s.
Pakistan PTCL is the first service provider worldwide to deploy a commercial VDSL2 Bonding solution and offers speed up to 50 Mbit/s - The highest speed offered by any Internet Service Provider in the country.
Singapore SingTel tied up with Ericsson to deploy a technical trial of VDSL2 starting June 2006. However, no service plans announced as of yet and SingTel is preferring FTTH over VDSL2.
Taiwan October 2007, Chunghwa Telecom (CHT) has awarded ZyXEL Communications to provide VDSL2 equipments (DSLAM and CPE) for its "Next Generation Access Network" project. The project involves 340-thousand lines and will provide high speed Triple play services to these subscribers.
Thailand
  • July 2010, True Online by True Corporation has released the Ultra Hi-Speed Internet . The first VDSL2 commercial services with the services is up to 50 Mbit/s downstream and up to 20 Mbit/s upstream.
  • 3BB TrippleT Internet has deployed VDSL2 Internet Solutions, offering VDSL2 Internet services for 20 Mbit/s downstream and up to 4 Mbit/s upstream.

North America

Canada
  • SaskTel, a crown corporation of the province of Saskatchewan, has officially announced the deployment of VDSL2. SaskTel is using VDSL2 to increase the amount of bandwidth to its customers, allowing more HDTV streams with its MAX Entertainment Service.
  • Bell Canada is currently offering VDSL2 in some areas of Ontario and Quebec with speeds reaching above 25 Mbit/s download and 7 Mbit/s upload, marketed as Bell Fibe Internet, or part of the Bell Fibe TV package.
  • TELUS is offering VDSL2 in a large percentage of its footprint in British Columbia and Alberta with speeds reaching 25 Mbit/s download and 2 Mbit/s upload, marked as TELUS High Speed Turbo 25 (on the 8b profile), or part of a TELUS Optik TV package. The 17A profile is being trialed by technicians. As of November 28th 2011[42], TELUS is the third company in the world to deploy a commercial VDSL2 Bonding solution and to offer speeds up to 50 Mbit/s. The solution is currently being offered in selected regions of the Quebec province, where it was developed and deployed (TELUS Quebec, Rimouski).
USA
  • AT&T has deployed Alcatel-Lucent VDSL2 equipment in street cabinets as a part of its U-verse service in FTTN based service. It plans to expand this to FTTC service in 2010.
  • CenturyLink - formerly Qwest - is currently expanding its VDSL2 network. It currently offers the technology in the Denver, Fort Collins, Omaha, Phoenix, Flagstaff, Seattle, Boise, Albuquerque, St George/Salt Lake City, UT, and the St. Paul/Minneapolis areas. Some areas currently have VDSL2 service up to 40 Mbit/s downstream and 20 Mbit/s upstream. They are also currently rolling out VDSL2 equipment along with MPEG-4 TV service to Columbia, MO and Las Vegas, NV for its IPTV service. They are upgrading their existing service in Lacrosse, WI in 2010.
  • BellSouth had planned to roll out VDSL2 to its customers prior to its acquisition by AT&T. Many of those markets have since been included in the U-verse rollout.

Central America & The Caribbean

Dominican Republic Claro offers speeds ranging from 1Mbit/s down and 256kbit/s up to 50Mbit/s down and 2Mbit/s up. The upgrade to VDSL2 was required to provide enough bandwidth for the company's IPTV, data, and voice services all running on their POTS network.

South America

Argentina IPLAN Telecomunicaciones is beginning to deploy Allied Telesis VDSL2 equipment to replace old LRE Cisco equipment among their 10K customers in Buenos Aires.
Brazil GVT is using Zhone Technologies, Inc. Equipment to provide VDSL2 service to Belo Horizonte, Salvador, Brasília, Curitiba, Goiânia, Porto Alegre, Campina Grande, Recife, Fortaleza, and other medium and small cities.[43]

Sercomtel has deployed a new VDSL2+ network on Londrina city. Reaches speed up to 70Mbit/s[44] on downstream, and 15Mbit/s upstream.
Chile Movistar is beginning to deploy Huawei VDSL2 equipment to some sectors in the city of Santiago.

Oceania

Australia
  • EFTel has commenced a rollout of VDSL2 capable MSAN (Multi-Service Access Node) technology, with ADSL2+ blades, to exchanges across Australia as part of their BroadbandNext network. As of June 2009, EFTel have successfully installed MSANs in 60 exchanges Australia wide.
  • As of December 2008, iiNet is trialing VDSL2 in a FTTB (Fibre To The Building) deployment to residential apartment blocks with a view to further deployments in 2009.
  • Private network deployment of VDSL2 has been occurring since 2007 in apartment blocks using Zyxel based product across Australia.
  • In 2009, TransACT commenced greenfield roll-out for MDU and upgrade of existing VDSL access network to VDSL2, utilising Ericsson EDAs.
  • In 2010, Adam Internet deployed a VDSL2 network available to residents at The Precinct.
  • In 2010, Apex Internet commenced a greenfield roll-out for MDU and gated communities.
New Zealand
  • TelstraClear has begun offering VDSL2 through 140 cabinets on its own Next IP Network in seven city centres. The VDSL2 service is currently available in business districts of Wellington, Hamilton, Tauranga, Napier, Wanganui, New Plymouth, Lower Hutt, and parts of Auckland, offering download speeds up to 30 Mbit/s and upload speeds up to 7 Mbit/s. TelstraClear plans to expand coverage by Christmas 2008 to Dunedin, Palmerston North, Christchurch, Auckland, North Shore, Manukau and Waitakere.
  • Orcon has signed a NZ$30 million deal with Siemens to roll out VDSL2 in 2008. Orcon's network will cover Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington, Hastings, Napier, Tauranga, Hamilton, Dunedin, Nelson and New Plymouth with "packages of broadband, video services, internet television and a phone line for $50 to $60 a month."[45]
  • Telecom NZ and Vodafone NZ are also testing VDSL2, but are waiting for an agreement on ways to handle interference before deploying it alongside other equipment in Telecom exchanges.
  • Vodafone has announced that VDSL2 will be offered in the Auckland area, with availability taking place as each exchange is unbundled. Full Auckland coverage is expected by the end of 2008.[46]
  • The wholesale division of Telecom NZ has commenced laboratory testing of VDSL2 technology. If successful VDSL2 is likely to augment its current ADSL2+ capabilities over time, especially where unbundled loop lengths are short enough (approx 1 km) to benefit from the increased speeds.[47]
  • On 30 January 2009 Telecom NZ announced its roll out of VDSL2 coverage.[48] The rollout commenced in Sept 2010.[49]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "New ITU Standard Delivers 10x ADSL Speeds: Vendors applaud landmark agreement on VDSL2". News release (International Telecommunication Union). 27 May 2005. http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2005/06.html. Retrieved 22 September 2011. 
  2. ^ "ITU-T Recommendation G.993.2: Very high speed digital subscriber line transceivers 2 (VDSL2)". http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.993.2/en. Retrieved 22 September 2011. 
  3. ^ [1]
  4. ^ http://www.dsl.cz/forum-o-adsl/vlakno-216462/vdsl
  5. ^ http://www.mobilmania.cz/bleskovky/t-mobile-nabidne-nahe-adsl/sc-4-a-1122982/default.aspx?showforum=1
  6. ^ http://www.peprmint.eu/pocitace/15-internet/39-o2-chysta-vdsl
  7. ^ http://www.o2.cz/wholesale/cz/national/regulated_services/zpristupneni_ucastnickeho_vedeni.html
  8. ^ http://www.dsl.cz/diskuze/2-poskytovatele/221500-o2-a-vdsl
  9. ^ http://www.primetel.com.cy/en/node/1400
  10. ^ TDC indfører 50 Mbit/s bredbånd (Danish), TDC Press release.
  11. ^ 3. kvartal 2006: Øget indtjening og vækst (Danish), Cybercity Press release.
  12. ^ Turbo til dit bredbånd.
  13. ^ Official Fullrate Customer Forum (Danish)
  14. ^ Neuf Cegetel announcement of taking control over Erenis
  15. ^ http://www.arcep.fr/uploads/tx_gspublication/201106-Recommandation-montee-en-debit.pdf
  16. ^ Heise Online: Network Expansion Plans August 2006 (ger.)
  17. ^ [2]
  18. ^ [3]
  19. ^ [4]
  20. ^ http://www.nextgentel.no/privat/bredband/vdsl2/
  21. ^ http://newswire.no/?melding=9570&where=1
  22. ^ Telefónica lanza Imagenio en Alta Definición con tecnología VDSL2 (Spanish), adslzone.tv.
  23. ^ VDSL 30 megas de Jazztel disponible desde hoy por 39,90 € (Spanish)
  24. ^ Jazztel aumenta a 3,5 Mbps la subida del VDSL y baja el precio 8 € (Spanish)
  25. ^ Snart klart för blixtbredband (Swedish), IDG.se.
  26. ^ Telenor Buys Nordic Internet Companies for $1.06 Bln (Update4), Bloomberg.
  27. ^ TeliaSonera storsatsar på snabbare bredband i Sverige (Swedish), TeliaSonera.
  28. ^ Bredbandsbolaget lanserar turbo-dsl (Swedish), Ny Teknik.
  29. ^ Price converted by XE.com on 2008-02-24
  30. ^ BT Openreach: GEA over FTTC roll - out announcement
  31. ^ BT Press Release: BT speeds up super-fast-fibre plans
  32. ^ "BT expands super-fast broadband network". BBC News. 13 May 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10111724. Retrieved 26 November 2011. 
  33. ^ "BT fibre broadband cable UK rollout accelerated". BBC News. 31 October 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-15518887. Retrieved 26 November 2011. 
  34. ^ Virgin Media to trial IPTV off-cable network.
  35. ^ http://www.thinkbroadband.com/news/4262-two-rural-lincolnshire-villages-to-get-fibre-to-the-home.html
  36. ^ http://www.lightspeed.com.bh/site/news/detail.php?Lightspeed-Communications-brings-80mbps-internet-to-Bahrain-10
  37. ^ http://promo.netvigator.com/eng/
  38. ^ http://www.hgcbroadband.com/superbroadband.html
  39. ^ http://mumbai.mtnl.net.in/triband/htm/vdsl_bb.html
  40. ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/Airtel-to-offer-50Mbps-Internet-speed-in-Delhi-for-Rs-8-999/H1-Article1-524213.aspx
  41. ^ http://www.bezeq.co.il/Internet/FastInternet/intsale/Pages/surfingpacks.aspx
  42. ^ http://about.telus.com/community/french/news_centre/news_releases/blog/2011/11/14/une-premi%C3%A8re-au-canada-telus-innove-et-offre-%C3%A0-ses-clients-un-r%C3%A9seau-filaire-%C3%A0-haut-d%C3%A9bit-plus-rapide-et-vaste
  43. ^ List of cities with availability (Port.) The actual service speed reaches 50mbps x 5mbps
  44. ^ [5]
  45. ^ Keown, Jenny (16 January 2007). "New-era broadband faster but no cheaper". The New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/technology/news/article.cfm?c_id=5&objectid=10419276. Retrieved 26 November 2011. 
  46. ^ Computerworld > Vodafone to announce $50 million LLU investment
  47. ^ "Telecom testing high-speed broadband". The Dominion Post. 26 May 2008. http://www.stuff.co.nz/technology/459499. Retrieved 26 November 2011. 
  48. ^ http://www.sharechat.co.nz/news/scnews/article.php/ebffac36
  49. ^ http://www.telecomwholesale.co.nz/maps

External links