An upper division college is a type of educational institution that traces its roots to educational ideas put forward in the late 19th and early 20th century. They were developed primarily in the United States during the 1960s in response to the growing number of community college students seeking to continue their education. They differ from a regular college or university in that they do not provide the first two years of undergraduate instruction and require applicants to already have completed two years of study at another institution.[1]
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In the late 19th and early 20th century, educational leaders such as William R. Harper and David Starr Jordan sought to separate the preparatory portion of college studies from "real" university work undertaken in the third and fourth years of study. Jordon, then president of Stanford University, proposed splitting the institution into two parts in 1907 to reach this goal, however changes the California secondary school system halted this proposal.[2]
Upper division colleges were first established as mainstream institutions in the 1950s in the United States as a means to respond to the need for educated professionals to assist in the space race.[3] While earlier efforts had been undertaken at the University of Georgia in 1858, they failed due to the onset of the Civil War.[2]
The first upper division college was the College of the Pacific in Stockton, California, which operated as an upper-division college between 1935 and 1951, before becoming the University of the Pacific in 1961.[2] This was done as part of a plan to reduce costs and increase enrollment by subletting college facilities to a high school which assumed public junior college status and funding.[2] However, disagreements between the College of the Pacific and the affiliated junior college, as well as accreditation issues resulting from the arrangement, led to the abandonment of the experiment in 1951.
The first college founded as an upper division college was University of Michigan–Flint, which was founded in 1956 as Flint College, however it converted to four year status in 1965 as a result of changes in the development of the region.[2]
Another notable early upper division college was Florida Atlantic University, which opened in 1964 and served third and fourth year undergraduate students, as well as graduate students. Later, in 1984, Florida Atlantic expanded to include first and second year undergraduates and ceased to be an upper division college.[4]
At the time they were created, upper division colleges were seen as a way to better manage community resources and provide opportunities for students.[5] It was thought that separating the upper division from the lower division of coursework would improve the relationship between undergraduate and graduate programs.[6] Additionally, some believed that by creating 2+2 programs between community colleges and upper division colleges, students could continue their education without the state needing to expand existing community colleges into full four year colleges.[7] Some commentators at the time saw the widespread development of upper division schools, in the same way community colleges had expanded in the prior decades.[8]
By the 1980s and 1990s, many states began to move away from the upper-division model. Despite concerns of crowding out of community colleges, it was felt that offering only the upper-level courses resulted in a poor public image and prevented the establishment of a full university setting.[9] Many of the students seeking to transfer from a community college, desired a full college experience, including electives and extra-curricular activities. The inability to reach a large critical mass prevented the upper division colleges from competing effectively with four year college.[6] Some upper-division colleges such as the City University of New York's Richmond College merged with community colleges, while others such as Florida Atlantic and SUNY Institute of Technology opened their doors to freshman and sophomore undergraduates.[10][11] As of 2009[update] very few upper-division colleges remain in the United States, with almost all merging with community colleges or converting to four year status.
| Name | Started upper division | Ended upper division | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Athens State University | 1975 | — | Current upper division college |
| College of the Pacific | 1935 | 1951 | Expanded to four years |
| Concordia Senior College | 1957 | 1977 | Closed |
| Florida International University | 1972 | 1981 | Expanded to four years |
| Garfield Senior College | 1971 | 1985 | Merged with Lake Erie College |
| Governors State University | 1971 | — | Current upper division college |
| John F. Kennedy University | 1965 | — | Current upper division college |
| Metropolitan State University | 1973 | 1994 | Expanded to four years |
| Penn State Harrisburg | 1966 | 2004 | Expanded to four years |
| Richmond College | 1965 | 1976 | Merged with community college |
| SUNY Institute of Technology | 1966 | 2003 | Expanded to four years |
| Texas A&M International University | 1969 | 1995 | Expanded to four years |
| Texas A&M University–Central Texas | 2009 | — | Recently established upper division college |
| Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi | 1973 | 1994 | Expanded to four years |
| Texas A&M University–San Antonio | 2009 | — | Recently established upper division college |
| Texas A&M University–Texarkana | 1971 | 2008 | Expanded to four years |
| University of Baltimore | 1975 | 2005 | Expanded to four years |
| University of Hawaii–West Oahu | 1976 | 2007 | Expanded to four years |
| University of Houston–Clear Lake | 1971 | 2011 | Expanded to four years |
| University of Houston–Victoria | 1971 | 2009 | Expanded to four years |
| University of Illinois at Springfield | 1969 | 2001 | Expanded to four years |
| University of Michigan–Dearborn | 1959 | 1971 | Expanded to four years |
| University of Michigan–Flint | 1956 | 1965 | Expanded to four years |
| University of North Florida | 1972 | 1984 | Expanded to four years |
| University of Texas at Brownsville | 1973 | 1998 | Expanded to four years |
| University of Texas at Dallas | 1969 | 1990 | Expanded to four years |
| University of Texas at Tyler | 1971 | 1998 | Expanded to four years |
| University of Texas of the Permian Basin | 1973 | 1991 | Expanded to four years |
| University of West Florida | 1967 | 1983 | Expanded to four years |
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