Uranium-235

Uranium-235 is an isotope of uranium making up about 0.72% of natural uranium. Unlike the predominant isotope uranium-238 it is fissile, i.e., it can sustain fission chain reaction. It is the only fissile isotope that is a primordial nuclide or found in significant quantity in nature.

Uranium-235 has a half-life of 700 million years. It was discovered in 1935 by Arthur Jeffrey Dempster. Its nuclear cross section for slow thermal neutrons is about 1000 barns. For fast neutrons it is on the order of 1 barn.^[1] Most but not all neutron absorptions result in fission; a minority result in neutron capture forming uranium-236. The fission of one atom of U-235 generates 202.5 MeV = 3.244 × 10⁻¹¹ J, i.e. 19.54 TJ/mol= 83.14 TJ/kg.^[2] Heavy water reactors, and some graphite moderated reactors can use unenriched uranium, but light water reactors must use low enriched uranium because of light water's neutron absorption. Uranium enrichment removes some of the uranium-238 and increases the proportion of uranium-235. In nuclear weapon design, highly enriched uranium containing 40% or greater U-235 is sometimes used in the secondary stage in place of natural or depleted uranium. Primary stages today most commonly use plutonium but when uranium is used, it is even more highly enriched in U-235.

If at least one neutron from U-235 fission strikes another nucleus and causes it to fission, then the chain reaction will continue. If the reaction will sustain itself, it is said to be critical, and the mass of U-235 required to produce the critical condition is said to be a critical mass. A critical chain reaction can be achieved at low concentrations of U-235 if the neutrons from fission are moderated to lower their speed, since the probability for fission with slow neutrons is greater. A fission chain reaction produces intermediate mass fragments which are highly radioactive and produce further energy by their radioactive decay. Some of them produce neutrons, called delayed neutrons, which contribute to the fission chain reaction. In nuclear reactors, the reaction is slowed down by the addition of control rods which are made of elements such as boron, cadmium, and hafnium which can absorb a large number of neutrons. In nuclear bombs, the reaction is uncontrolled and the large amount of energy released creates a nuclear explosion.

The Little Boy gun type atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 was fueled by highly enriched uranium with a large tamper. The nominal spherical critical mass for an untampered ²³⁵U nuclear weapon is 56 kg,^[3] a sphere 17.32 cm (6.8") in diameter. The required material must be 85 percent or more of ²³⁵U and is known as weapons grade uranium, though for a crude, inefficient weapon 20 percent is sufficient (called weapon(s)-usable). Even lower enrichment can be used, but then the required critical mass rapidly increases. Use of a large tamper, implosion geometries, trigger tubes, polonium triggers, Tritium enhancement, and neutron reflectors can enable a more compact, economical weapon using one-fourth or less of the nominal critical mass, though this would likely only be possible in a country that already had extensive experience in engineering nuclear weapons. Most modern nuclear weapon designs use plutonium as the fissile component of the primary stage^[4][5] however HEU is often used in the secondary stage.

References

• Table of Nuclides.
• DOE Fundamentals handbook: Nuclear Physics and Reactor theory Vol. 1, Vol. 2.
• A piece of U-235 (uranium-235, a rare form of uranium) the size of a grain of rice can produce energy equal to that contained in three tons of coal or fourteen barrels of oil. (Contemporary's Science)

External links

• Uranium | Radiation Protection Program | US EPA
• NLM Hazardous Substances Databank - Uranium, Radioactive
• "The Miracle of U-235" Popular Mechanics, January 1941 one of the earliest articles on U-235 for the general public