| Tyumen (English) Тюмень (Russian) |
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A view of downtown Tyumen |
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Location of Tyumen Oblast in Russia |
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Tyumen
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| Coordinates: | |
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| City Day | Last Sunday of July[1] |
| Administrative status | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Tyumen Oblast |
| Administrative district | Tyumen Oblast[2] |
| Administrative center of | Tyumen Oblast, Tyumensky District[3] |
| Municipal status (as of May 2010) | |
| Urban okrug | Tyumen Urban Okrug |
| Head of Administration[4] | Alexander Moor[4] |
| Statistics | |
| Area | 235 km2 (91 sq mi)[3] |
| Population (2010 Census, preliminary) |
581,758 inhabitants[5] |
| - Rank in 2010 | 25th |
| Population (2002 Census) | 510,719 inhabitants[6] |
| - Rank in 2002 | 27th |
| Density | 2,476 /km2 (6,410 /sq mi)[7] |
| Time zone | YEKST (UTC+06:00)[8] |
| Founded | July 29, 1586[1] |
| Postal code(s) | 625000-625063[9] |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 3452[10] |
| Official website | |
Tyumen (Russian: Тюме́нь) is the largest city and the administrative center of Tyumen Oblast, Russia, located on the Tura River 2,144 kilometers (1,332 mi) east of Moscow. Population: 581,758 (2010 Census preliminary results);[5] 510,719 (2002 Census);[6] 476,869 (1989 Census).[11]
Tyumen is the oldest Russian settlement in Siberia. Founded in 16th century to support Russia's eastward expansion, the city has remained one of the most important industrial and economic centers east of the Ural Mountains. Located at the junction of several important trade routes and with easy access to navigable waterways, Tyumen rapidly developed from a small military settlement to a large commercial and industrial city. The central district of Old Tyumen retains many historic buildings from throughout the city's history.
Today Tyumen is one of Russia's most important business centers, it is also prominent in the political and cultural life of the country.
Tyumen is the transportation hub and industrial center of Tyumen Oblast—a vast oil-rich region stretching from the Kazakh border to the Arctic Ocean—as well as the home of many companies active in Russia's oil and gas industry.
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The Tyumen area, originally part of the Siberia Khanate, was annexed to Russia by the Cossack hetman Yermak Timofeyevich in 1585, and on July 29, 1586, Tsar Feodor I ordered two regional commanders, Vasily Borisov Sukin and Ivan Myasnoy, to construct a fortress on the site of the former Tatar town of Chimgi-Tura (also sometimes known as Tumen).
The site where Tyumen was founded corresponded to the so called "Tyumen Portage" on the historical trade route from Central Asia to the Volga region, control of which had been continuously contested by various South Siberian nomads in the preceding centuries. As a result, early Russian settlers were often attacked by Tatar and Kalmyk raiders, and until the middle of the 17th century Tyumen's population was dominated by the Streltsy and Cossack garrisons stationed in the town. As the area became less restive, the town began to take on a less military character.
At the beginning of the 18th century Tyumen became an important center of trade between Siberia and China in the east and Central Russia in the west, as well as an important industrial center, known for its leather goods makers, blacksmiths, and other craftsmen. In 1763, 7000 people were recorded as living in the town.
In the 19th century the town's development continued. In 1836, the first steam boat in Siberia was built in Tyumen. In 1862, the telegraph came to the town, and in 1864 the first water mains were laid. Further prosperity came to Tyumen after the construction, in 1885, of the Trans-Siberian Railway. For some years, Tyumen was Russia's easternmost railhead, and the site of transhipment of cargoes between the railway and the cargo boats plying the Tyumen, Tobol, Irtysh, and Ob Rivers.
By the end of the 19th century Tyumen's population exceeded 30,000, surpassing that of its northern rival Tobolsk, and beginning a process whereby Tyumen gradually eclipsed the former regional capital. The growth of Tyumen culminated on August 14, 1944 when the city finally became the administrative center of extensive Tyumen Oblast.
At the outbreak of the Russian Civil War Tyumen was controlled by forces loyal to Admiral Alexander Kolchak and his Siberian White Army; however, the city fell to the Red Army on January 5, 1918.
During the 1930s, Tyumen became a major industrial center of the Soviet Union. By the onset of World War II, the city had several well established industries, including shipbuilding, furniture manufacture, and the manufacture of fur and leather goods.
World War II saw rapid growth and development in the city, as in the winter of 1941 twenty-two major industrial enterprises were evacuated to Tyumen from the European part of the Soviet Union,[12] and were put into operation the following spring. Additionally, war-time Tyumen became a "hospital city", where thousands of wounded soldiers were treated.
During the initial stages of World War II, when it appeared possible that Moscow would fall to the advancing German Army, Tyumen also became a refuge for the body of the deceased Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin, which was secretly moved from its mausoleum to a hidden tomb located in what is now the Tyumen State Agriculture Academy.[13] (former Tyumen Agriculture Institute).
Between 1941 and 1945, more than 20,000 Tyumen natives saw action at the front, with almost a third, 6,000, perishing in action (the exact number of casualties is uncertain as official data include soldiers who died in hospitals in Tyumen).
After the discovery of rich oil and gas fields in Tyumen Oblast in the 1960s, Tyumen became the focus of the Soviet oil industry, and experienced a second economic and population boom. While most of the oil and gas fields were hundreds of kilometers to the north of the city, near the towns of Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk, Tyumen was the nearest railway junction as well as the oblast administrative center, which made it the natural site for numerous oil related enterprises which contributed to the city's development between 1963 and 1985. These years saw the arrival in Tyumen of tens of thousands of skilled workers from across the Soviet Union.
The rapid growth of the city also brought a host of unforeseen problems, as the growing population quickly outstripped the abilities of Tyumen's rather limited social infrastructure. The lack of far-sighted city planning has resulted in uneven development with which Tyumen has continued to struggle into the present.
The legislative authority of Tyumen is the City Duma. In addition to legislative activities, the City Duma appoints the Head of the Tyumen City Administration, who is the chief executive officer of the city.
Administratively, Tyumen is divided into four administrative okrugs:
Tyumen is the administrative center of Tyumen Oblast, and all the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city.
Tyumen covers an area of 235 square kilometers (91 sq mi). Its primary geographical feature is the Tura River, which crosses the city from the northwest to the southeast. The river is navigable downstream of the city. The left bank of the Tura is a floodplain surrounded by gently rolling hills. The Tura is a fairly shallow river with extensive marshlands along its shores.
The river floods during the snow melting season in the spring; the flood usually peaks in the second half of May,[14] when the river becomes 8-10 times wider than during the late-summer low water season. The city is protected from flooding by a dike which can withstand floods up to 8 meters high.[15] The highest ever flood water level in Tyumen was 9.15 m (30.02 ft), recorded in 1979; more recently, in 2007, the water level of 7.76 was recorded.[16] In the spring 2005 a flood higher than the "critical" 8 m (26.25 ft) mark was expected,[17] but apparently that did not happen.
Tyumen has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with warm, somewhat humid summers and long, cold winters. The weather in town is very changeable, and the temperature in town is always higher than in the surrounding area by a few degrees, and the town area attracts more precipitation. The average temperature in January is −16.7 °C (1.9 °F), with a record low of −50 °C (−58 °F) (February 1951). The average temperature in July is +18.6 °C (65.48 °F), with a record high of +38 °C (100 °F).
The average annual precipitation is 457 mm; the wettest year on record was 1943, with 581 mm, and the driest was 1917, with only 231 mm.[18]
| Climate data for Tyumen | |||||||||||||
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| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | −12.4 (9.7) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
9.2 (48.6) |
16.6 (61.9) |
22.2 (72.0) |
24.1 (75.4) |
20.7 (69.3) |
14.9 (58.8) |
5.4 (41.7) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
6.51 (43.71) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −21.7 (−7.1) |
−20 (−4.0) |
−11.4 (11.5) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
4.4 (39.9) |
10.3 (50.5) |
13.3 (55.9) |
10.4 (50.7) |
5.1 (41.2) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−10.7 (12.7) |
−17.6 (0.3) |
−3.45 (25.79) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 24 (0.94) |
17 (0.67) |
15 (0.59) |
27 (1.06) |
39 (1.54) |
62 (2.44) |
85 (3.35) |
58 (2.28) |
49 (1.93) |
39 (1.54) |
32 (1.26) |
24 (0.94) |
457 (17.99) |
| Source: worldweather.org | |||||||||||||
Tyumen's population grew steadily from the 16th century through the 19th century, until the Trans-Siberian Railway came through it at the end of the 19th century. This greatly boosted the town's rate of growth, and Tyumen rapidly became the largest town in the region, with approx. 30,000 inhabitants by the beginning of the 20th century. Tyumen again experienced rapid growth with the coming of World War 2, due to the evacuation of workers from factories in central Russia in 1941, which more than doubled its population to 150,000.
In the 1960s, the discovery of the rich oil and gas fields in Western Siberia caused the city, which had not been forecast to exceed 250,000 that decade, to swell in size to almost half a million. The following period of stability lasted until 1988, when economic depression hit the Soviet Union. The city's population in 1989 was 476,869, according to the census of that year. Within five or six years after the slump caused by the fall of the USSR, Tyumen was again a major economic center, and its population began to slowly rise. Its population was 510,719 in 2002 and further growth, due mainly to migration and the incorporation of surrounding settlements, meant that by 2008 there were some 588,600 inhabitants, according to regional government statistics.
While the population of Tyumen includes people from over a hundred different nationalities, most belong to one of the following nationalities, from traditional oil- and gas-producing regions:
From its foundation, Tyumen was a religious center.
As of 2009, there are over ten operational Orthodox temples (both newly built and historical), two mosques (both newly built), one synagogue, and one Roman Catholic church in Tyumen.
While the state religion of the Russian Empire was Orthodoxy, this religion historically prevailed in Tyumen.
In 1616, Trinity Monastery (Troitskiy Monastery - rus) was established in Tyumen by Nifont of Kazan. In 1709-1711, this monastery was rebuilt in stone by the order of Filofey Leschinsky the first Metropolitan of Siberia.
In 1761, the Tyumen Religious School was established.
Overall, from 1708 to 1885, twelve stone Orthodox temples of different size, and two monasteries were constructed in Tyumen.
During Soviet times, two of the temples were completely destroyed, but the rest remained. As of 2008, most of them are accessible and returned to operational state.[19] At the start of 2009, one of the destroyed temples is being restored to double size at a new location, and another is under discussion.
Some operational temples are also under restoration. Tyumen Religious School was reopened in 1997.
Regardless of Orthodoxy predominance, in the past there were also constructed temples of Islam, Catholicism and Judaism. Unfortunately, only the one Catholic church building remained preserved in its historical state. The Tyumen Mosque was completely destroyed, and its reconstruction in place was considered unfair. The Tyumen synagogue had collapsed just after the year 2000, though it was reconstructed anew in the same place.
At the start of the 20th century, there was a strong Old Believers community in Tyumen.
All four of the aforementioned religions are operating their cultural centers around town.
There are also several other religious bodies around town, but only with few adherents.
Tyumen Trinity Monastery was built by the special permission of Peter the Great, owing to the fact that construction of stone buildings outside Saint Petersburg was prohibited at the time.
Church of Savior Uncreated was visited by Crown prince Alexandr, later Alexander II during his Siberian tour before enthronement.
Tyumen is an important service center for the gas and oil industries in Russia. Due to its advantageous location at the crossing of the Motor, Rail, Water and Air way and its moderate climate Tyumen was an ideal base town for servicing the oil and gas industry of the West Siberia. As the result today Tyumen is the center of industry, science, culture, education and medicine.
Many world level oil and gas companies such as Gazprom, LUKoil and Gazpromneft, TNK-BP, Shell (Salym Petroleum Development N.V.) have their representative offices in Tyumen.
There are numerous, factories, engineering companies (KCA DEUTAG and Schlumberger), design institutes shipyard and other oil servicing companies located in Tyumen.
Tyumen is one of the Russian towns which have its own Technopark. UTair is also based in Tyumen.
Town has a quite good selection of recreational activities of all kinds for any ages. Tyumen is also a destination for a fair number of tourists, in particular from Germany.
There are three universities and several tens of colleges in Tyumen. Town is one of the Medical Centers of the Russian Federation so its population can receive most of high tech medical services locally without need to go to Moscow or elsewhere.
Historically, Tyumen occupied a small area on the high bank of the Tura River around the foundation site of the city. The city consisted of one and two-story wooden buildings, surrounded by a number of villages. With time, the territory of the city was both developed and extended by including the surrounding settlements.
To this day, Tyumen has a rather decentralized feel, and when viewed from above, appears to be a collection of low-rise towns, with occasional clusters of tall buildings placed seemingly at random throughout.
Two areas of the city, Yamalskaya Sloboda and Republic Street are noted for having generally retained their historic character. These sections are dominated by old brick and wooden merchant houses and buildings with the occasional intrusion of mid-century Soviet low-rise buildings.
Bukharskaya Sloboda - a Historic residential area at the low bank of Tura river . This territory is predominantly built-up with very old one-two storey lumber buildings forming a specific provincial view from Historical Center of the town (prevail Muslim population).
Low bank Dormitories - this clusters of standard 9 stock buildings built-up at the man-made grounds east to Bukharskaya Sloboda - Zareka and Vatutina.
City Center - the territory at east of the Historical town built-up between 1948 and 1978 with predominance of 4-5-story buildings. Most of the earlier buildings in this area had individual design, but the later built in rectangular style. In this area concentrated most of the political and business activities of the town.
New Center - the modern territory almost at the center of the town built-up over demolished lumber houses and industrial area. In this part prevail tall buildings. Mix of the Dormitory area and business centers.
Old Dormitories - this areas built-up with standard 5 stock blocks of flats constructed in the 60th-70th at the ex west and east extremities, now they actually are in the town center. While there are almost no difference in architecture this areas are most green part of the town and have the best social infrastructure to other town parts.
New dormitories - the clusters of standard tall buildings constructed after year 1980 at the south and south-east extremity of Tyumen. This territories are actually the worst place to live in the city while they are remote, badly planned and had very poor social infrastructure. The only pro of this areas is better ecology if compare to city center.
Tyumen is too diverse to be characterized by any particular architectural style, and it generally has no overall style whatsoever. The town was built and non-planned for decades and because of that its architecture is an eclectic mix of buildings of different styles and eras.
Tyumen's nickname is the Capital of Villages because the most of its the territory built up by lumber houses. But most of the people who visited Tyumen as well as a considerable part of its core dwellers mistakenly consider it is a modern high-rise town due of tall buildings concentrated along all town arterial roads. Many of wooden buildings located in historical part of the city had cultural value:
There are many parks and Gardens of different size located around the Tyumen making town landscape green and fresh. Some of this parks also has sport and entertaining components.
The phenomenon of Tyumen is accent absence. During all its history Tyumen language environment was never isolated long enough to form any kind of accent. As a merchant town Tyumen permanently kept in contact with Russian capital territories and always received many people from all over the country. This fact furthered the preservation of literary language and to the present day people in Tyumen speak Russian completely the same as the people in Saint Petersburg or in Tver. Very few slang words are in use and these are usually slang words in general use throughout Siberia.
Tyumen has a range of entertainment possibilities for all ages. There are many cinemas including two with high class stereo systems, and clubs. Tyumen has had its own Drama and Comedy Theater since 1858. There is a professional Puppet Show and the Angazhement Youth Theater. The Tyumen Music Hall is one of the most common venues for tours of Russian and World class Music Stars. The Tyumen Circus is the most contemporary in Siberia and one of the best in the whole of Russia. Tyumen offers a great variety of cuisine in its numerous restaurants and bars. There are some annual events taking place in the town such as the Student Spring Music show and Day of The Town Show.
There are 62 restaurants, 78 bars, 224 cafe, 157 snack bars in Tyumen. Only ten percent of this number is related to any local regional or international systems. The following systems represented in Tyumen (network size in brackets):
Tyumen has not been the setting for too many works of literature however there were some poets and writers in the town history.
A writer closely associated with the city is the children's writer Vladislav Krapivin. A famous Russian writer Mikhail M. Prishvin spent his youth in Tyumen as well. Viktor L. Strogalschikov one of the modern Russian writers is also living in Tyumen.
A modern Russian producer Konstantin V. Odegov was born and studied in Tyumen. Tyumen was also the location for a few episodes in Russian films.
There are numerous museums and art galleries in Tyumen. The best known are the Tyumen Museum of Local Lore and the Tyumen Fine Art Gallery which were merged last year by local government decision.
Some of the Tyumen Museums:
Music has always attracted the attention of Tyumen's inhabitants. The town has its own philharmonic orchestra and the Tyumen Music hall has steady auditory. While performing Russian tours Music Stars will visit the Tyumen without fail.
For many years Tyumen was the source for the Soviet and the Russian sport reserve.
Many of the most famous Soviet and Russian sportsmen started their career in Tyumen youth sport including Soviet cycle racing stars Sergey Uslamin,Yuriy Korotkih and Oleg Polovnikov.
There are some Tyumen Biathlonists in the current Russian national team.
Today Tyumen offers a number of sport activities for all ages. There are numerous sport and fitness clubs around the town. Tyumen has a National Level Soccer Team, Hockey team and Futsal team. There are three all season ice arenas, a soccer field (amateur fields are not counted), a ski centre, a hippodrome, a shooting range, several tennis-courts including in the open and all season, three Olympic sized pools. In winter time parks for the cross country skiing are available around the town.
Tyumen Rail Station was founded in 1885. Currently Station Administratively belongs to the Tyumen Division of Sverdlovskaya Rail Road.
Station is located in the very center of the Tyumen city in 15 minutes walk south from the city hall. Station services suburban, intercity and international passenger traffic.
At the regional level the station services three directions to Yekaterinburg, to Omsk and to Tobolsk. Railroad to Yekaterinburg electrified since 1980.
Direct international passenger directions(Trans-Siberian Railway): Poland, Germany, China, Mongolia.
Additional stations within city territory: Tyumen North, Tyumen yard, Voynovka yard.
General Information:
Tyumen Station Passenger Terminal Data:
Public transportation in Tyumen is dominated by both municipal bus services and by numerous private operators (marshrutkas), which account for nearly a third of all transport capacity. The city's bus fleet is in process of modernization and expansion, with newly acquired Russian buses replacing the severely aged soviet models.
As of 2009 the city of Tyumen is served by the following:
Total Number of routes - 131 (previous estimates April 2009 - 134; Jan. 2005 - 64)
Total Length of Routes - 2 131,80 km (valid until 1 September 2009)
Total Number of vehicles - 1152 (previous estimates April 2009 - 1207; Jan. 2008 - 880)
Tyumen is a major hub for intercity bus service, centered on the bus-terminal, which was constructed in 1972, and greatly expanded between 2006 and 2008.
Tyumen is served by the international Roschino Airport located 13 km west of the city.
The airport has permit to handle with the following types of aircrafts: Tu-154, Tu-134, An-12, An-24, An-26, Yak-40, Yak-42, IL-18, L-410, B-737, B-757 IL-86, IL-76, ATR-42, ATR-72, HS-125.
The airport has permit to handle with all types of helicopters.
The airstrip is capable to handle with huge aircrafts such as An-22 Antaeus).
City has a regular service to the large number of Russian towns include such important as:
There are also weekly or biweekly flights to the following international locations:
Tyumen has very difficult road scheme. The town is divided by Tura River Tyumneka River and Trans-Siberian Railroad, creating several isolated zones. Seven bridges, one footbridge, five flyovers, and five foot crossings connect these zones. In addition, the Tyumen Road network was planned before the fall of the Soviet Union and in its current state, it is capable to operate normally only in the scheme which includes public transportation only. Compact planning of city center prevents expansion of main roads; congestion coming from the city perephery moves slower and slower as it approaches the town center. To date, the road network is congested about 200% above capacity, which leads to numerous traffic jams and high accident rates.
Since 2002, city and regional authorities have undertaken numerous initiatives to improve Tyumen road network; due to growth of private automobile ownership, this all had only a short term effect. To date, a complex transport infrastructure reconstruction project is being directed by Regional Administration.[20]
Tyumen is a town of students. The great boost to Tyumen Education development was given in the 1964 when the Tyumen Industrial Institute was founded to supply oil industry by qualified local workforce. Many academies of the different disciplines was founded in Tyumen since this date, and now the Higher Education is one of the major economic activities of the Tyumen town. There are over 10 academies, including three universities in the town and dozens of colleges. In the educational year of 2008-2009 the five largest Academies of Tyumen together had over 110,000 students.
Important note - most students are not counted in the city population since they are non-residents of the Tyumen city according to Russian law.
There are over one hundred secondary schools in Tyumen.
There are about fifty public libraries in Tyumen. In addition there are several corporate libraries integrated into public libraries book exchange system. The Tyumen special is the Tyumen Regional Scientific Library after D.I. Mendeleev which has about 2 670 000 unic units of issue in its stock .
Tyumen is twinned with:
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